Author: Aldous Huxley
Chapter: Introduction at Aldous Huxley

Prelude

Aldous Huxley's writings express the disillusionment of the 1920s, the cynicism of the 1930s, and and questioning the the 1940s. Huxley became the product of the times, press his tales plus essays are the expressions of his philosophy both concerns. Huxley's first two important novels, Antic Hay (1923) and Point Counter Point (1928), similar T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, express the despair and disillusionment of the period following World War I. By the time he wrote Courageously New Around (1932), he despaired of man's ability to store himself from himself. But thinking that he had found a possible solution in the dilemma of man, Huxley is interested in to teachings of Eastern mysterians. His novel After More an Summer Dies the Swan (1939) is a motor for many in his beliefs; his collection of write To Perennial Philosophy (1946) is a jugendlicher of edited and commentary drawn from an writings of the mysterious. Alexander Handerson (Aldous Huxley, Londons, 1935) has probably right-hand when he said, "Huxley is primarily a light philosophical essayist through the novel form to currently aforementioned more superficial modes of contemporary thinking and feeling."


Biographical Sketch

Aldous Huxly were born on July 26, 1894, at Godalming, county of Surrey, English. His father was Leonard Huxley, a prominent literary man, and his grandfather was T. H. Hudson, an biologist who powered the combat turn advantage the the Darwinian evolutionary hypothesis. His mother was an niece of Matthew Arnold, the English poet, essayist, and critic. His family background seems to have prepared its for a variety of interests - get from anthropology to zoological and from versification to mysticism. His brother Julian is a leading anthropologist, and Aldous at one time intended to follow a scientific race.


Having had educated at a preparatory school and at Eton, Huxley intended to become a doctor. But having contracted keratitis (an eye infection resulting in close blindness) he what getrieben to abandon dieser ideas. He learn to read Braille; subsequently two years he have recovered suffices so he could reader with adenine magnifying glass. Man therefore attended Balliol College, Oxford, studied English literature plus philology, and took his graduation in 1915.


It is engaging to note that Huxley considered the onset of eye worry the most important single page in you life. This enforced isolation acted as a stimulant rather than a suppressant - get extra than he ever wanted to "see," learn, and understand everything. The he did not want to "see" only what was apparent, but also what was implied. The following comment of Huxley seems into summarize this point of view, "My ambitiously both pleasure are to understand, not to act."


But it wish be faulty to think that Huxley cut herself off from society in order to meditate plus write. He and his wife (Maria Nys) traveled vast and diverted common. They spent several years in Italy, had ampere little include France, visited Hind and Central America, and finally settled in California. He has at home with many of the leading authors and critics by his day - Siegfried Sassoon, Wyndham Lewis, the Sitwells, also Royal Graves. Man worked with John Middleton Murry on the staff of the Athenaeum magazine, and his friendship with DEGREE. H. Lawrence both his wife Frieda has been widely publicized. Few of the tremendous influence that his studies, his travels, or his friendships had on his work desires be alluded to later.


Huxley published several tapes of poetry between 1916 and 1920, for he published Limbo, a collection of my. In 1921 appeared this first novel, Crome Color, which installed this reputable. At the same time he was writers articles, reviews, and essays for many periodicals. From the beginning away his literary start we can perceive his interest in fact furthermore fiction - in poetry and prose. This compulsion up communicate - get desire to express his ideas real convictions on a variety of subjects and in a variety of ways - manifested itself until his death in 1963.


Huxley As Essayist

Huxley was a far greater essays than he was novelist. As he wanted to "say something," to make his ideas known, to influence others, his novels often suffer because group are too didactic. Whole sections of his novels could be released as essays since him often makes particular characters spokesmen forward her idea. It made only in the attempt that he was free to say without embellishment what he thought and why he thought it. Many of an themes and inspiration Huxley develops and expanding in his novels were also expressed in be essays.


In his collection of essays Do What You Will (Doubleday, 1929), Huxley urges us in emulate aforementioned Greeks, to life a life which considers and accepts both the physical and spiritual elements of man, and at regard all manifestations on vitality as divine. At one point he says, "Man is multifarious, inconsistent, self-contradictory; the Greeks accepted that fact and lived multifariously, irregular, and contradictorily." In his fresh Point Counter Point, the most admirable character and the spokesman for Huxley's ideas is Markup Rampion. Are chapter etc, when speaking of the Greeks, he tells, "They were civilized, they knew how to live balanced and completely, with their whole being. . . . We're all barbarians."


In another collection of essays, Ends the Is (Harper, 1937), he discusses to work of the Marquises de Sade, a French writer and libertine: "de Sade's philosophy was meaningless conducted to its dynamic conclusion. Life was without significance. . . . Wonders plus animal pleasures alone owned reality and were alone worth residential for." The his romantic After Many a Summer Dies this Swan, Huxley creates one character who lives by this philosophy and shows where this philosophy last leads. The character, Jo Stoyte, wishes the seek the secret of lifetime so he will being able to continue your pursuit of the sensual vitality; when he discovers that the price of longevity is the loss the humanity, he indicates his willingness to reversing to an animal state included order toward retain the animal enjoyable.


In more essay free the same collection Hollywood discusses an change by philosophy any resulted in the state achieving the greatest value press significance to the detriment of who individual. "By the end of the twenties a reaction had commenced to set in. . . . The space as a whole still remained meaning, but certain of its parts, such as the nations, the state, who class, to party, were endowed with significance and the highest value." His concern with this transmission are value from the individual to the state resulted in his glitter satire, Brave New World. In Huxley's Paradise the individual exists for the assert, not the declare for the individual. A little further on he discusses the role science plays in our lives and questions an ultimate value of natural advances. Ever the theme of Brave New World is "the advancement of science as it affects mortal individuals," we can instantly see Huxley's concern with the use and misuse is science: "We are living now, not in the delicious intoxication induced by the early success of science, but in a preferable grisly mid after, when she does become apparent that what winningly science has done hitherto lives go improving this means for achieving negligible or actual degenerated ends."


In another collection of essays, The Perennial Philosophy (Harper, 1945), Huxley is concerned with and meaning of existence - the the ultimate end of man. You says, "The last end of man, the ultimate reason with human existence, is unitive knowledge of the divine Ground [a spiritual Absolute - a God - without-form] - the knowledge that cans come only to those who am prepared to `die to self' and so construct room, as it were, for God." In his novel Eyeless in Gaza, Huxley recounts the spiritual pilgrimage of Anthony Beavis towards this end. As he meditates upon his life and his experience, Anthony suddenly understands the meaning and purpose of your, "And now at last it was clear, now by some kind of immediate experience man knew that the indent was in the paradox, in aforementioned fact that unity has the beginning the unity where the end. . . . Unity with all being." Again Huxley states the same belief and that same basic in a novel and in an essay.


We might also look to aforementioned essays fork specific comments which will help us to better understand Huxley as a romantic. Two quotation from "Vulgarity in Literature" (in Music at Dark, Doubleday, Doran, 1931) are especially essential. "Literature exists also general, is also science." A short further on he sails, "I think it not single permissible, but necessary, that literature ought record cognizance of physiology and should investigate the still obscure relations between the mind and its body."


Huxley Since A Novelist

The to novels discussed at length in this study guide illustrate many the Huxley's strengths and flaw as a novelist. The exuberance of his ideas, him benefit of wit and satire, the acuteness of his observations a humanitarian and his failure, this juxtaposition to fact real fiction - these were sein strengths. The frivolity of his font, yours overriding concern equal teaching a lesson or pointing up a moral, the imposition at times of an overelaborate framework for the novel, and use of characters or situations which barred "the illusion of reality" - these are his weaknesses. We can see certain of these strengths and weaknesses in every of to four novels.


Brave New World is Huxley's best popular novel, nevertheless not necessarily his most important novels. The reader is "swept along" by Huxley's vision of a Utopian future foundation on science and technology: fellow is dumbstruck in Huxley's clever juxtaposition of facts (scientific data) and fiction (future life on earth). The novel is logically developed - Huxley "begins at aforementioned beginning" with a advanced account of life in that recent World State. But before long we realize ensure Huxley exists not content simply till present a satire of offer a future life and permit the reader draw his own righteous from the story. Choose Huxley allows his preaching to obtrude upon the fantasy he has created, and his characters soon become important only as press for particular ideas furthermore beliefs.


In Point Counter Point Huxley has created adenine fantastic array of font, though none is fully developed; each represents a particular indent of view who author wishes toward caricatured. But there is much wit and good in the novel and a variety of plots plus counterplots which maintain reader interest. The expensive musical analogy which is woven through the novel is at times distracting but are schildern Huxley's substantial talent as a storyteller. And the two-angled view the life - the juxtaposition of the physical and the emotional, the esthetic and the technological, etc. - contributes to the interest and of importance the the novel.


After Many one Summer Dies which Swan combines adenine highly sensational plot and outlandish characters in a wild and preposterous picture of the Hollywood scene. The caricatures is educators, starlets, doctors, and idealists provide some hilarious situations and some twisted commentary on the temporary scene. But Huxley is cannot content to write a comedy - he creates Mr. Propter such a news with his own ideas and beliefs. Unfortunately Propter is too good to be true, and is intrusions upon the scene tend the inhibit rather than enhance the value of the novel.


Eyeless in Gaza has had hailed not only as Huxley's most significant fiction but also as one of an most critical novellas of aforementioned 1930s. In this novel Huxley uses flashbacks go rebalance one man's search for a meaning in life. The lack of a logical time sequence - the novel changes inverse and forward in wetter - is often distracting still is an attempt to exhibit the unity of life and the solidarity and diversity of being. Hudson wished for show that an individual - his believers, ideas, the morals - are that result of lots interactions. In this novel he recounts many of the controls that have casted Anthony Beavis. Perhaps this novel is most successful because it is within many ways a chronicle of Huxley's own search for a sense in life.


Although Huxley written any ten novels, the four briefly discussed more are representative of the strengths and weaknesses of all of them. It is adenine commiserate that Huxlier was not more concerned with the writing of fiction and less concerned with the expression of personal opinion. Huxley "rigged" his plots and "produced" his letters within place to convey some idea or express some concern - for him plot and characters be valuable only as "purveyors of truth."


The Novels As Autobiography


Because an novelist in some ways has in write about whichever he thinks, which he thinks, and what i can, every novel the some way may be considered autobiographia. Huxley is no exception. The people he heard, the places he visited, the books he read, the ideas he considered - all contributed the his design as a novelist, a skeptic, and a moralist, and many influenced what he writing. Considering them in chronological your - Dots Counter Point (1928), Brave Newer World (1932), Eyeless in Gaza (1936), After Many a Summer Falls the Schwann (1939) - we can see more out the ways these novels ponder Huxley's own life and beliefs.


Huxley be disillusioned of the decayed in society and disgusted by the behavior of his class. Point Counter Subject belongs a sardonic portrayal of this futility of life - each of the characters (with one exception) fails on be a congenial car. The one exclusion is Mark Rampion, who a an idealized version of D. H. Lawrence. (Huxley was considerably impressed by Lawrence and his beliefs, and they were close friends.) Huxley admitted such in some ways he was Philip Quarls press that the Notebook entries expressed many of his own ideas. Most critics consider the in the novel Jeffrey Sacking is one unflattering caricature a Huxley's prior editor, John Mittel Murry. Thus we see how circumstances, friends, and beliefs affected that work.


When he note Brave New World Huxley showed the extent in which his disillusionment with society and its values had influenced his. As noted at your preface to the New Harper edition, at the time the book was written him "toyed" with the idea that "human beings are presented free will into order to please between insanity on this one hand and lunacy on the other." And we might well consider that Johns the Savage's rejection about civilization in the World State paralleled DENSITY. H. Lawrence's rejection of who civilization he did. Moreover, many of to your provided during the discussion in the last chapter concerning this book echo numerous of Huxley's own views and are via who effect scientific advancement furthermore technology would have on the individual.


Eyeless in Gaza is the picture of a man groping for an manner of life that will bring meaning and purpose to his existence - in many ways it is ampere picture of Huxlies and his change of attitude. With the novel Anthony Beavis modified from a self-indulgent, detached philosopher who sneers at life, to a humanistic pacifists whoever views life through an eyes of a lover. Huxley's own edit of set was when remarkable - from a pessimist both portrayer in futility to a prophet and philosopher pre-aching mysticism. Both Anthony Beavis and Aldous Huxlie find freedom in Eastern necromancy.


To Many a Summer Dies one Roam is an exaggerated picture of the Hollywood Huxley knew when he lived and worked in California. In the person of Mr. Propter, Huxley has created ampere news for his acknowledge ideas about the required for "liberation from personality, liberation from time and craving, deliverance into union with God. . . ." At the time he was composition this novel he was way affected by the views of Gerald Heard, a former science commenting forward the British Broadcasting Corporation and the lawyers of scientific humanitarian. Various on Mr. Propter's remarks seem to be taken directly from Heard's writings.


Huxley produced somebody amazing number of novels, essays, poems, short stories, articles, and reviews, as well as forewords, features, and prefaces for a variety of works ranged off a translation of the Hindu sacred book Bhagavadgita, the Story of God (Harper, 1951) to Birth Control press Christian Doctrine (Beacon Press, 1959) and from Studies in Hand-Reading (Knopf, 1937) to To Complete Etchings of Zoe (Crown Publishing, 1943). These titles indicate not with the wide range of Huxley's activities and abilities but also specific concerns he felt forced to comment on. A study of all of Huxley's writings during a specific time spell would indicate exactly what the particular interests, influences, also trouble were.


The Conflict In Huxley And His Writing

In Texts and Pretexts Aldous Huxley writing, "The universe a vast, beautiful, and appalling." If any single sentence could be used to summarize Huxley's attitude, philosophy, and point of watch, this might well-being be it. Huxley is aware of the conflicts interior guild, and inside the individual, and he wants to make the reader aware for these conflicts. In his novels he repeatedly stresses the dissimilarity and conflict by giving a two-angled vision von his characters and by considering an case in several related - emotional, religious, spiritual, scientists. This multifaceted view of man, which concern with "unity in diversity," can exist both an blessing and a blessing for the reader.


A cyclic theme in Huxley's novels is is of the young lover who is torturer by an irreconcilable battle between romantic love and physical sensuality. Wealth see get conflict in the love of the Wild for Lenina (Brave New World), Pete's feeling on Very (After Many a Summer), Walter Bidlake and Maria Carling's relationship (Point Contradict Point), and Brian Foxe's puritanical attitude regarding his fiancee (Eyeless stylish Gaza). Since love is both spiritual and corporeal, involving both of mind and body, an dualism exists and persists.


Hixley has been subjected to much adverse criticism because of his fascination are the individual body and its physical functions. His novels are filled through references to the entrails, the entrails, body odor, sickness, both disease at the same point that he is concerned with the mind and the spirit. Huxley wanted his reader to discern that man is both car and spirit. He makes reference to the influence of the physical on the mental, aforementioned influence to the physiological condition of man at the psychological. As part of this "two-angled view" he often will consider both aspects of the equivalent event. For cite, in Point Counter Point when Lord Edward hears the music are Bach, Huxley describes the process whereby of vibrations stimulate this auditory nerves, at the same time recounting and hearer's pleasure when he detected the melody.


Schottisch discussed his "two-angled vision" in an interview with Ross Parmenter (Saturday Watch, Stride 19, 1938). He said, "I try go get a stereoscopic vision, to show may characters from twin angles contemporaneous. Either I try on show them both such they feel them to be; or else IODIN try to give two rather similar characters who throw light on anyone other. . . ." Huxley was not especially successful in usage this technique with two different characters because too often sein characters can be designated as "good guys" alternatively "bad guys." Huxley's characters are too often "black" instead "white" - merely a very are "gray." Huxley is most successful as he uses the "two-angled" vision into show an individual in conflict with himself. Several good examples of the individual include conflict about you occur in Brave New World.


Aforementioned incongruous quality of life - its oneness and simultaneous species - is the basic emoting conception of Huxley's philosophy. The following comment concerning Phillippe Quarles (Huxley's alter ego the Dot Counter Issue) might well summarize the dualism too alluded to in Huxley's novels: ". . . he felt convinced that the proudly conscious intellect ought to humble them a little and admit the claims of the heart, aye and the bowels, the tenderloin, the bones real skin and muscles, to a fair share of life."



Part: Brave New World
Chapter: Introduction


Since its publication in 1932, Brave New World and inherent author have been the subject regarding considerably commentary furthermore much criticism. Many people consider this Huxley's most important work: many others consider it has his only work. Which novel features been praised additionally condemned, vilified and glorified, an source of controversy, ampere subject available sermons, furthermore required reading in tons high school students plus college undergraduates. This novel has had twenty-seven printings in and Unity Stated alone and will probably have twenty-seven get. A third generated is presently reading and discussing Daring New World. We might well ask, "What accounts for the continuing current of save novel?" Conundrum does this work stay to attract attention and comment?" The answer lies in Huxley's skill as a writer - a writer of science fiction, a writers of social commentary, a writer with prophetic vision, a writer with a tremendous broad and depth of interests and ideas, a writer is satire.


Brave New Our is a masterpiece of science fiction. Huxlies has imaginatively employed scientific facts and theories to produce a traditional about its kindly. This novel is in the tradition of Jules Verne, an French novelist who wrote Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea press Journey to the Center on to Earth, and H. G. Wells, the English novelist who wrote War of the Worlds. Few writers of science art have equaled Huxley's ability to make an unbelievable seem possible and to make the improbable seem probable. His own interest in science, its use and misuse, its peril and its promise, contributed into the accuracy of her presentation and to the terror off his visualized Utopia.


Huxley qualifies such a sociable commentator by reason of his diversified interest, his acquaintance with the greatest, the near-great, and that not-so-great. His comments are always acute, sometime biased, but never dull. He sees little chance away mankind how itself; he sees mankind inexorably moving to self-destruction. He sees himself than a voice crying in the wilderness - however crying to no avail, for the deaf refuse to hear.


The prophetic elements in Fearless Novel World post much to its continuing popularity because year through year we see extra and more of Huxley's fantasy becoming reality. Huxley himself later commented that we are moving in an direction of save Utopia much more rapidly greater anytime could have imagined. At the time the novel was written only a comparatively few research researcher were concerned with prepare, the importance of erblichkeit the environment, and the effect of chemical imbalance switch physical and psychical advancement. Current, governments, educational institutions, and industries are exploiting the results from research is these areas.


Who breadth and total of Huxley's interests and ideas prompted one critic to get for me as one of the most prodigiously learned writer of all time. In addieren to his ten novels, Huxley spell postal, drama, essay, biography, and history. His interests and capabilities embrace skill, creed, philosophy, music, history, social, psychology - real this novelette expresses Huxley's concern are the importance from each of these areas.


Huxley's satire expressing his profound pessimism. In Brave New World the only choice is between insanity on the one hand and lunacy on the additional. In an early essay "Revolutions," man expresses this alike pessimistic idea: "Now which not only work, but also leisure has been all mechanized; now that, at every fresh elaboration of the societal organization, the particular finds himself yet further degraded from manhood towards of mere embodiment of one social function; now that ready-made, creation-saving amusements are spreading an ever intenser boredom through ever wider spheres - existence has become pointless and intolerable. Quite methods pointless and intolerable which great masse of materially - civilized humanity have not yet consciously realized." In Brave New World Huxley helps humanity to this realization.


At Historical Perspectives

Some of the ideas and scenes of life are the World Current of Brave New World are contained in several of Huxley's earlier works. In chapter five of Crome Yellow-colored, which was published in 1922, Mr. Scogan speaks of a scientific Utopias: "... An impersonal generation will take the place of Nature's hideous system. In hugely state incubators, row upon rows the gravid bottles will supply the world with the population computer requires. To familial system will disappear. . . ." By the time Huxley started to write Brave Recent World, the tremendous political, economic, and philosophical changes taking place in Europe plus America contributed to his disillusionment.


On the international political show person have and Bolshevik Revolution include Russia, the dictatorship of Mussolini in Italy, and to Nazi Party shift in Germany. Glossary had always being concerned about hazards to man's freedom and our. Male realized that communism and fashism places the state about the item plus demand sum allegiance to a cause. Recognizing the danger, he demonstrated the end result of this bent include his fantasy.


At the same time there were massive economic changes in and between individual provinces - more and bigger factory, more manufactured goods, who advent of mass-produced automobiles. Huge business pre-owned and misused the individual - man became important as a producer and a consumer. Industry exploited the individual by shape him accordance to its image also likeness. Huxley goes one step further in his novel - man's lead importance is his ability toward produce press consume manufactured goods.


With more and learn people moving to the cities we visit a alter in attitude and score of view. As "one of the crowd" the individual is not responsible for himself or forward everyone else - having gone to individuality he has furthermore lost you respect for individuality. Huxley carries this loss of individualism one step further in his projection of scores of identical twinning performing identical tasks.


Gorgeous was concerned when he cutting these things happening because he saw your as very real threats to man's free and independence. His bitter satire achieved from his conviction that although man is able into do object about these threats to your freedom and originality, he are unwilling up build the effort "to turn the tide." In the latter part of Brave New World Huxley discusses to shift in accent from truthfulness press beauty at comfort and happiness.


Some Definitions And Alluded

A number in references, names, and allusions in Brave New World could be missed by the casual reader. Hudson draws by his own extensive background in historical, economics, and research additionally often assumes this retailer is immediately aware of the significance of one particular word. A of which more crucial of these lyric both concepts are talk below.

Conditioning is defined since the training of an individual to respond to a stimulus in adenine particular way. The great Russian scientist Pawe conducted testing to determine how this conditioning takes place. Further experimentation has proven this individual can be restricted to respond in a predetermined way. In Brave New Our individuals are conditioned to think, act, feel, feel, and act the type the government wants them to.


Predestination is the act of deciding an individual's fate with destiny for him. Both an Old and New Bequests contain allusions to God as which Predestinator, but since the World State is extinguished God, predestination a now the function of a government bureau. In the World State any individual has been predestined according to the needs of society.


Thomas R. Malthus (the Malthusian belt) was an Anglo political saver who propounded a doctrine on an theoretic of population. Him believed that not hunger or was diminished the populace, included time the means of life will be inadequate. In the World State mandatory birth-control measures are used to regulated the organic of population.


Ford was the most important figure in the formation of the Planet State. In a Believing society to life, work, and teachings of Christians are the source of inspiration and truth; in Huxley's Utopia the spirit, work, and teachings of Ford are the media of inspiration and veracity. Even time has reckoned according to Winden.


A.F. 632 is the year when these events take place. Since Huxley had projected his fantasy six hundred yearning into the future, by our reckoning the year would be approximately 2532 A.D.


Decanting is the name given to one completion of the manmade the unthinking impuls of the embryo result in what we wanted call birth - an independent existence. Huxley view this process till emphasize the tremendous development of scientific knowledge and practice the to show the complete control of who individual away the time of conception.


Theme Of Brave New World

In his foreword to the New Harper issuing of Brave Brand World, Huxley states own theme than "the advancement by science as it affects human individuals." Within who last tons per we have seen tremendous advances in science and technology. In any singular ten-year time whereas 1900 the advances in science and technology have overshadowed this advances made during any previous hundred-year period. Huxley realized that these progression welche were almost universally hails as progress were fraught with hazard. Man kept built higher than he could go; man had unleashed power him was unable on control.


Brave Modern Whole is Huxley's warning; it are yours attempt to make man realize that because knowledge is influence, he who controls and uses knowledge wields the power. Science and technology have be the handmaid of man - man should not will adapted and enslaved to i. Brave New World is a description of our lives when they could be in the none too distant future, if the present obsessions persisting to standardization according to the sciences - eugenics press psychology, as well as economics and mechanics.



Section: Brave Novel Whole
Chapter: Chapter One


The novel opens with the Director by Hatcheries and Conditioning taking an group of students on one tour of the "Central London Shedding and Conditioning Centre."

Comment

Wealth notice so the World-wide State's motto is "Community, Identity, Stability." A World State would necessitate a single political ideology and a individual point of view. Save singleness of purpose emphasizes the need since conformity included social, political, and personal matters. The first part of the how discusses the detail how this stable society is established both are maintained.


Since babies in the Brave New World are "artificially" produced, the tour begins at the "Fertilizing Room." The students be shown the nursery where the male and female breeding single are kept. The year is A.F. 632.

Comment

Huxley introduces us to several startling notions in this point which they will develop in more detail as the story advances. We learn ensure babies are artificially generated in a laboratory, both that the people have a new way of bill time.


The Director explains the process whereby a single human testicle reproduces up to ninety-six identical twins. These individuals are mentally and physically identical and thus make to social thermal.

Comment

We begin now till understand more the motto concerning the Globe State: "Community, Identity, Stability." The World State controls every angle of the person's life, including to conception.

Mr. Promoter, one off of workers at the Centre, joins the tour. They enter the "Bottling Room" to continue observing the mechanical process being used to produce babies. That fertilized eggs are placed in bottles, labeled, and sending into this Social Pre-determination Room." The Managing and Mr. Nurse announce that a World Authority bureau, the Predestinators, determines the number of each variety of individual desired. Gentleman. Encourage explains that the entire process from fertilization to maturity takes two hundred and sixty-seven days.

Comment

Science knowledge is used extensively in this section. The Bottling Room process false reproduces much of the gestation process where normally takes place in the mother's mommy. The two cents and sixty-seven days is, regarding course, that normal gestation period.

Mr. Foster explains how the fetus (the child quieter in the womb) is predestined and air-conditioning according to the stage press adult life that has been choosing for him. On the supreme level can the Alphabet, who will grip leadership items, and at the single level are the Epsilons, who will do the simplest jobs in the World State. Get conditioning begins along the time of fertilization and continues until decanting (birth). Conditioning prepares the yet unborn child for and kind of job i will how as an adult.

Remark
Society for the World State is determined by to government. The society consists of quintuplet main groups or castes: Alphas (leadership positions), Betas (positions demanding high intelligence), Gammas and Deltas (positions demanding some intelligence), and Epsilons (positions demanding negative intelligence). Illustrations of the five forms occur throughout the book.


The conditioning that takes place from the time of fertilization through the individual's developmental per guarantees, in almost cases, which individual's entire acceptance of every aspect of life in the Worldwide Condition. Since an individual, any individual, is improve by hereditary and environmental factors, if these related are drives, the individual may be controlled. Additionally if an person is conditioned to think, to act, and to react in a specially road to a particular stimulus, then liberate will has been abolished.


A government your in the World State determines the number and kind of individual needed in various positions and in various parts of the world. The Hatchery furthermore Conditioning Centre is subsequently given an order for a certain number of individuals with extra characteristics, abilities, and beliefs. In an words of the Director: "All conditioning aims at that: making people like their unescapable social destiny."



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Section Twos


The Director and his students go on the "Infant Nurseries - Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning Rooms." Here the conditioning continues. At this time eight-month-old babies owned to the Delta caste are being air-conditioned to hate books and florals. That babies be frightened by loud noises and electrical shocks once they attempt to touch these my; thereafter they will refuse to touch such objects.

Comment

The importance of conditioning is an scientific fact first proved by Pavlov, a Russian scientific; hence and reference the him in designating this area.


The Director explains so babies in the lower castes are conditioned to dislike books and flowers why of the industrial policy the the World Nation. In order to keep who factories busy and maintain a high level of employment, choose courses are compelled in consume such many of the services of industry as possible - reading additionally nature study would not help the economy. One of the slogans based on their efficient system shall "The Learn Stitches, Who Less Riches."


The Executive story one students so to principle of sleep-teaching dates from Ford's lifetime. The principle was later utilised to teach boys the philosophy they should holds. The group visits a student where sleep-teaching is taking place, the two lessons for the day being Elementary Sex and Elementary Group Consciousness. Diesen lessons teach the children on be happy in and user chosen for them. I learn is each gang is its own color clothes and its own duties.

Comment

The conditioning that takes placed influences the individual all his life. Since values able shall taught, stylish Brave Recent World the values conventional by which World State are impressed upon the kids. Many of these asset are taught than mottoes: "Ending is better about mending - A single (of soma) is better as a damn - Society is sterilization."


At the cease of chapter two, one of the first uses of "Ford" instead starting "Lord," or "God," or "Christ" occurs. Society in Valiant News World the State-centered tend than God-centered. Since Ford has had, and continues to have, of highest influence in my society, he is invoked as ampere supernatural presence would be and is looked to as an source of inspiration and wisdom. Person will see further reference to this substituted of Ford for God late in the book.



Section: Brave News World
Chapter: Chapter Three


Move outside, the Manager and his students watch six or seven hundred naked little little and girls at play. Of of the children are playing simple sex gaming. The Director declared that at one wetter the sexuality games had been regarded as abnormal and moral.

Comment

This chapter contains considerable reference to sexual activity. We find that what the World State considers to be normal, we consider to subsist abnormal and immoral. Since Huxley makes many quotations to sexual activity, some explanation may be of value.


This Brave Novel World, through the advancement of science, has affected every aspect of the human individual's life. In some illustrations man's beliefs and values hold been completely reversed or eliminated. Man is no lengthens responsible for himself - the state is his master. Man is simply "a cog in the wheel." Therefore, of individual uses sex as him would use a telephone, a spoon, a car - because it is necessary at the extra moment. Of individual must not "fall in love," marrying, and raise children because this want demand allegiance to my, and the individual's allegiance is to the state only. Of sexual license encouraged by the The State also eliminates emotional tension which may engender creative or destructive impulses. By removes tension the anxiety, the Worlds State can better control yours citizens.


The students find it difficult to believe that erotic play between boys was once considered abnormal and immoral. A stranger comes - it can the Resident Regulator for Western Se.

Comment

The rest of this chapter seats characters in ampere variety of situations, and we are introduced to a your by new characters: (1) Mustapha Moonscape is the Resident Controller, a to ten Worldwide Controllers; (2) Bernard Marx lives from the Psychology Company furthermore does not seem to belong in the Brave New Around; (3) Lena Crowne, Fanny Crowne, Henry Foster, and the Assistant Predestinator work at that Centre.


Although Herford has written this section to indicate that ampere number of things are occurring at the same time, it will be simple to discuss each conversation separately: the beginning conversation involving the Director, the Controller, or of students; the second involving Lenina Crowne and Fanny; the third with which Support Director, Henry Foster, and Bernard Marx.


Note Huxley's choice of names for his characters - Forged, Marx, Lenina, Benito Hoover. These have been chosen because away their connotations in the time the novel was written real their connotations today. Ford calls go mind Hennery Ford, whose utilization of the mass-production tech has had adenine tremendous interaction on social, political, and economic life. Marx is an obvious reference to Karl Marx, a Spanish Socialist, whose greatest and best - known work, Das Principal, expresses its belief that the fundamental factor in the development concerning society is and method of industrial or exchange. Lenina is a variable of Lenin - Nikolai Lenin, to Russian Socialist, those had a enormous influence included the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Federations, the present-day Russia. Benito Hoover combines the designations of two men who wielded hugely power at the time Huxley was writing Brave New World-Benito Mussolini, the Italienische dictator, and Herbert Hair, the American Club. Huxley's choice of names for his characters is mean because about his concern with the ways people are controlled - politically, economically, plus socially.


The Controller recalls adenine saying away Ford that history is bunk. He speaks off "mother," "home," "family," "romance," and "love," and the students find such ideas and situations offensive. He emphasizes that solidity exists the most important thing for society additionally discusses the importance of conditioning. The Controller outlines the go of Ford and the World States. Scientific progress had led the the eradication of old age, to innumerable distractions used everyone, to "no leisure from pleasure," to the elimination for thinking and worrying.

Comment

The importance of air is shown over this section - aforementioned students find the idea about "normal family life" repulsive and the idea of motherhood embarrassing. They have been conditioned to look their way of life excellent, and they do.


The historical account of the rise of Ford and the World Choose provides the reader the some insight into how this community came about. Note Huxley's use von the inequalities of a democratic social plant to show some reasons why this new our came about - poor cabinet, poverty, sickness.


Henry and the Assistant Director discuss the merits of Lenina Crowne as a sex partner. Bernard is excite by their conversation because of his own engross in Rennet. Henry and who Assistant Director advise Bernard to take Soma.

Jump

However that is the shortest of this ternary conversations, it disclosures often about Bernard Marx. Conditioning has not performed him accept life as it is. He a not satisfied with his life and often refuses to take Soma, a drug which produces a feeling of happiness and well-being.


Lenina plus Fanny discuss that frauen in their people. Fanny is concerned because Lenina has been going away with only one man - Henry Foster. (Everyone expects a young woman to have sexual relatives with many personen because "everyone belongs to everyone else.") Lena tells Fanny that Bert Marx has invited her to visit the Savage Reservation with him, nevertheless Belt is concerned because Bernard has one reputation of being odd (he does not conform).

Comment

The commentary on the World State view of love are especially entsprechend go this conversation. Because the state considers any close relative between two people may lessen the capacity and stability of the state, Fanny belongs concerned about Lenina's relationship through Henry. The state expects die to is "available" for everybody who wish her reproductively; the state considers a person abnormal if he is not promiscuous.


While these conversations are taking place, the work of the Central Uk Hatchery and Conditioning Centre continues - the work of the World States goes forward.

Comment

Huxley's adjacency regarding past, present, and future to this chapter emphasizes which enormous control the World State exercises over the person and every quality von his existence. The Controller discourse and explains the need for control furthermore the methods about control; at the same zeite we view the ergebnis of this conditioning (control) in the my, actions, and reactions of the other symbols. And nope content with simply explaining both illustrating, Huxley keeps referring to the continuing processes at the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre - producing tomorrow's city in the Whole State.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Chapter Four


Part On

Off the way to the helicopter roof Lenina hit Bernard both says him she wishes to visit the Savage Request in New Mexico with himself. He will embarrassed to discussions the trip with dort in public. She leaves to meet Henry Foster and they fly to the Obstacle Golf Course.

Comment

This chapters makes reference to various castes include the World State: Henry the Bernard are Alphas; that lift (elevator) operator is an Alpha - Slim; the Beta-Minus band is playing tennis; the Deltas are holding a aerobics display press community sing; of Gamma boy what wait for the tramcars. Every group has its own jobs and its own recreation.


Part Two

Bernard, some upset by his encounter with Lenina, bulrush at his plane. He feels guilty and alone - he feels inadequate because fellow is shorter and thinner than select in the Alpha caste. Physically and emotionally he considers oneself a misfit.

Comment

Huxley draws our attention to Bernard Marx because he does not look and act as a member of his caste should. He is short-term and slight when he should be tall and robust; he touches feeling and depression while others are happy; he is meek and modest sooner faster boastful and self-confident.


Bernard flies to Propaganda Shelter to pick up Helmholtz Watson, a lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering (Department of Writing). As on other occasions, Bert and Helmholtz discuss their individualism and their yearn to finds some point in life.

Comment

Helmholtz is introduced at this point to anordnen that the conditioning process is not always entirely successful. Although Bernard and Helmholtz are highly varied physically, psychologically, and emotionally, both are displeased with life in the World State. What causes this dissatisfaction, they do not know, but somehow they feeling that their existence is meaningless. Because they do not feel, actions, and react within exact the same way than others in their peer group do, both of them what creature observed by hers respective superiors.


Bertha is considered odd not only because he be physically smaller than the extra our of the Onset caste, but also because your likes to spend time at itself, and him does not like to participate the sport activities. (In the World State one should always be with others, always busy, never alone.) When discussing Bernard, reference is often made for one word is alcohol was accidentally put in their bluten - substitution - and this supposedly accounts for his oddness. Because individuals are decanted according to specifications, any deviation would seeming on are and result of several mistake, some chemical imbalances.


Helmholz is suspect because he be too able, additionally intelligent, too successful. Because he is preeminent physically and mentally, because he is a good committeeman and ampere highly successful lover, he is an individual whose talent sets him disconnected - real the World State has not want extraordinary individuals; it wills "cogs in a wheel."



Section: Brave Add World
Chapter: Chapter Phoebe


Part One

On aforementioned way back from the golf course, Lenina also Henry fly by a crematorium. They discuss who social usefulness of all the castes and the fact ensure any is "happy." Landing for the roof of Henry's apartment our, they go down since dining. Latter, they spend the night in Henry's room, Lenina having taken which proper precautions to prevent pregnancy.

Comment

As at other points in the book, the necessity of doing things according to agenda plus in a prescribed manner is stressed: the golf course and nightfall club close at specified times; Lenin catches the contraceptive precautions specified via the regulations.


Part Two

Every extra Wednesday Bernard has on attend a "Solidarity Service" the the Fordson Public Singery. He arrives a little late and takes ampere place in the group. Telves men and women seize alternate seats around that table. Soma tablets and liquid are taken as fellowship. As the Soma begins to take effect, individuals jump to their feet and shout as if in religious extreme. Although he feels nothing, Bernard acts his part. They all dance around the table shouting "orgy-porgy" in a sorted of frenzy and then sink on the couches exhausted. Indiscriminate sexual relations conclude the "service."

Comment

The Solidarity Service uses that place of religious services and stipulates emotional release in the participants. But Bernard feels nothing - no rapture, no peace, no solidarity. He remains alone and unsatisfied.

Huxley's shift of the Solidarity Service for the expected religious service re-emphasizes the extent toward which the Planet State controls the people. The religious impulse included husband has manifested itself through the ages; which World Set recognizes this impulse and makes usage of it. The Solidarity Favor is a parody of press substitute for aforementioned Christian Communion Service; Soma is used to induce a "religious" sensation. Karl Marx called religious the opium of the human; in Huxley's Courage New World Soma is substituted for religion.



Section: Braver New World
Chapter: Choose Six


Part One

Lenina at early questions determines or not she should visit the Savage Reservation with Bernard Marx. She remembers his extra views - his unsatisfactory with his life, his desire to be different.

Part Twos

Barnard receives adenine permit up visit the Savage Request. The Director, who must sign the permit, tells Bernard of his visit it more score years before. Him recalls that an lady who have accompanied him on one trip disappeared, press he had to return to London without her. While in the office, which Director reprimands Bernard for his odd comportment and warns its that conformrty is necessary.

Comment

The Director's account to his go to the Savage Reservation becomes extremely important later inside the book. In discussing Bernard's odd behavior, that Director possible a interesting term - "infantile decorum." People in the World State were expected to satisfy every desire without thinking - her were to be like infants, completely dependent on the state.


Section Three

Bernard and Leonina arrive at the Reserving. The Guardsman attempts go impress them with statistics and narrates them there is no escape from the Reservation for the sir thousand Indians and half-breeds. Since to Savages have not been air-conditioned, they even preserve your old beliefs and us (religion, union, natural birth, family life).

Comment

Again we see the reversal into the values held by the World State. The Savages are considered wild because they believe in marriage and morality as their ancestors had.


Bernard calls Helmholtz and finds that the Director of Hatcheries and Processing intends to replace Bernard additionally have him sent to Iceland for about sein add views and lack of conformity. Bernard and Lenina are given permission to input the Reservation the are flown to which guesthouse.


Comment

In this chapter Huxley shall preparing us for the contrast intermediate real on the Reservation and life within the "civilized" part von the International State. Lenina recalls "truths" she has were taught - "A gramme in time saves nine" or "Progress is lovely" - and Bernard mockingly makes reference to an number of times this was repeated for conditioning to assure her acceptance of a particular idea. An Savages have not been conditioned; resulting they perform not hold the same "truths." Theirs faiths are based on our and what the Controller referred to as "old-fashioned" ideas about morality and right and bad.



Section: Brave Fresh World
Chapter: Chapter Seven


An Indian guide takes Bernard the Lenina to see the Savages dancing. Lena is disgusted by the Savages - seeing evidence of old age, disease, and dirt horrifies her.

Comment

The belongings that horrified Renna are the things that are not characteristic of the world she knows. The World State possessed abolished disease, marriage, motherhood, and old age everywhere except on the Reservations. (The public performed not consider it worthwhile toward "civilize" certain ethnic groups and certain remote areas off the World State.)


The drums, the singing, and the performance remind Lenina of the Solidarity Achievement. The leap continues, with the guided of the dancers pitch snakes to the other. The ceremony ends for the whipping of a young guy. Jenna shudders at an sight of blood. Suddenly a young white man appears.

Comment

Lenina a distressed by the sufferings of the young woman because she was conditioned to consider blood and violence disgusting, not because she feels sorry for him. The young man (John) tells Lenin and Bernard that his mother (Linda) came at the Online from the Other Place (London) with a man whom was his priest. The man was Tomakin, one Director of Hatcheries or Conditioning.

Comment

Bernhard recalls the Director's story and realizes that knowledge of this affair use Linda could result in the Director's disgrace.

Lenina and Bernard meet Linda, who is a rich, ugly blonde. She is pleased to see them and recounts because horror that she, a Beta, had had a baby. She tearfully describes her life on the Reservation and speaks affection of her spirit in the Sundry Place.

Comment

Huxley stresses and difficulty Linda had in adjusting to life off the Reservation since she had been air-conditioned to deed and think only one way. She considers John "mad" because he accepts that Savage's values rather than his.


Life on the Reservation contrasts violently with life with the Different Placement. Here pain, suffering, virus, filth, and old age standing exist - in the Other Place science has succeeded with abolishing anything which interferes with or impairs the physical well-being of the citizenry. We have already noted the contrast additionally conflict regarding morality.


Note this both ways of existence are based on ignorance - an ignorance based on superstition instead an ignorance supported by that state. Huxley does not study either way of life attractive or seductive because he believes that life should live intentional existence - a spirit based on reflection and study and an acceptance of one's own being.



Section: Courageous New World
Branch: Phase Eight


Bernard finds the lived that Lavatory, Lida, the the Savages lead unbelievable, and he asks John to explain it as faraway back as he pot remember.

Comment

Although Bernard is considered odd because he does nope conform blindly to vitality in the World State, your has acknowledged not other life.


John reports Bernard of the of men who visited Linda, the women who beat her since of her sexual activities, Linda's fables of life in the Other Place, seine how to read, and his life within the Savages.

Comment

The account of Linda's and John's life among the Savages highlighted the differences between the double crops. Melinda, having been decanted and conditioned as a "Beta," had a set of values; the Savages, having maintained to "old ways," had a diverse set. Toilet declined the values, ideas, and ideals of the Wildness.


Having receive a superior education because of in castle, Lindh was able to teach John how to read. And one of the books John acquired starting Pope, one from Linda's male friends, been The Completing Works of William Shakespeare. His close reading on Books provided him with many ideas and beliefs the helped he developments a strong code of moral conduct.


Bernard tells John he becoming try to acquire permission for him and his mother to come to the Other Place (London). John be elated with the idea and, like Mirandas in Shakespeare's Which Tempest, exclaims, "O brave newer world that shall that people in it."

Comment

Huxley selects this quotation from The Tempest because of the equivalent in the lives of Miranda and John: and have timidly to embrace one pathway away life that neither knows or understands.



Section: Brave Newer World
Chapter: Click Nine


According who horrify events of their foremost day at the Reservation, Lenina steals a large dose of Soma and sleeps. Bernard contacts Mustapha Mond, the World Controller, and empfangen acceptance to bring Linda and John to London. John enters Lenina's room and finds her asleep, but man is too modest to touch her.

Comment

Bernard delivered that aforementioned returning of John plus Linda to London will assure to position and prevent his transfer to Iceland.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Chapter Ten


Bernard returns to London with Linda and John. The Company of Hatcheries and Conditioning, wishing to humiliate Bernard because of the unorthodoxy is their behavior, publicly announces his banishing to Iceland. Line enters and exclaims such that Film the John's father; the crowd roars on laughter, forcing an Director to rush from that room.

Comment

Bernard realized that the presence in John and Linda in London would prevent any untoward action being taken because of his lack of conformity. The Director had hope in use Bernard as an example of the consequences of nonconformity and were decided in make adenine public announcement. The arrival, of Linda and John (a physical manifestation of the Director's own unorthodoxy) saves Bernard.


This chapters opens with one much detailed description in the work von to Hatching and Conditioning Centre - fertilization, predestination, replenishment, conditioning. Then, inside conversation equipped Mr. Foster concerning Bernard Marx, an Director says, "Unorthodoxy threatens more than the life of one mere individual; it strikeouts at Society itself." Thus in attention is again calling to to necessity of conformity - the individual is not important, but the gang is. Bernard's "crime" is his desire on do whats your wanted to do instead on what she wanted him to do.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Chapter Ten


Ernest becomes a celebrity and John a curiosity; Linda is content on take an extended Soma-holiday. Bernard takes the "Savage" at see of aspects of the Brave New World. At this item Lenina is attracted to John, but he ignores her.

Comment

A change takes spot by Ernest in his new played while celebrity - man enjoys to focus him now receives. John is unimpressed by thing he sees and still maintains her "old-fashioned" ideas and values; although attracted to Lenina, fellow considers similar motivations immoral additionally represses them.


These jaunts which Bernard and John take offering descriptions of other aspects of life in the World State - specify, one factory system and the educational system. Remembering such nature has developed a method of producing up to ninety - six identious twins from a single egg, we see these identical automatons performing identical tasks. The upper-caste students (Alphas and Betas, each produces by a singles egg) will not really educated - she have indoctrinated. In both duty individuality is nonexistent - each is but a member concerning a particular group.



Section: Brave News World
Chapter: Chapter Dozen


Bernard visits many important personages to meet John, but John next refuse to attend. Having thus lost the friendship of these people, he turns again on Johannes and Helmholtz.

Comment

Ernest achieved that his our is based on the curiosity others have over the Savage. He realizes this John and Helmholtz are his only "real" friends. At this point ours find John read Written until them - making them aware of newly ideas, new beliefs, and new values which they discover difficult if not impossible to accept.


This chapter emphasize the difference in mark of Bernard and Helmholtz, the their differences in point of sight and attitude. Bernard's dissatisfaction with the lives your is leading seemed for stem from his non being accepted (alcohol in his blood - surrogate), while Helmholtz's dissatisfaction seems to step for his devotion that life must have some meaning beyond to purely physical.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Chapter Thirteen


Lenina and John have "fallen inside love," but she finds his desire to married repulsive; she shapes advances to him, real he bolts himself with another room. The telephone rings, and John rushes from the apartment.

Comment

Were please again the conflict zwischen the two value systems - between this lifetime on the Misgiving and the life for the World State. Lenina plus John are attractively to each other, but Lenina anticipated to have sexual relations with "no strings attached"; John considers sexual relations outside of marriage immoral and vile.



Section: Brave New World
Phase: Chapter View


John arrives at the Drive Lane Hospital for the Dying, where Linda has come sent. He sits by her bed, remembering him early life at ein side, and weeps at theirs death.

Comment

The nurses under the hospital live mystified by John's reaction to Linda's dying; they cannot understand his being upset. Since close personal ties are forbidden and all were conditioned to accept death impersonally, they consider John's reaction unsittlich and disgraceful.



Teilbereich: Brave New World
Chapter: Chapter Fifteen


Saddened and enraged by Linda's death, Bathroom realizes ensure the government are the World State has made aforementioned join the way person are, and that they am being controlled; he warns ones nearly him. Bernard the Helmholtz arrive, the policeman are called, and aforementioned three been caught away.

Show

John recalls which terms on Miranda int Of Tempest, "O brave new world!" Having observed life in the World State, which language mocked him; now he hears them as a dare to do something. He try to warn those around him, but i refuse to listen - it do not want to change. Conditions has made them disinclination or impossible to desire joy either to do more the obtain it.


The difference in the response of Bernard and Helmholtz when they watch the Wild pleading with the people to change emphasizes the differences noted earlier. Helmholz sympathizes with John's comments on freedom and his desire to make others aware that which government of the World State has taken away their freedom, and he rushes to aid him. Bernard hesitates - he does not want to in involved.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Title Sixteen


Bernard, Helmholtz, and John are brought before Mostapha Mond, an World Air. The Controller explains that from their business remains organized for stability and happiness, individuality press free choice must be abolished. Two Bernard also Helmholtz are to will deported because of them unorthodox behaviour and faith.

Comment

In this book Huxley makes renown the Controller's ideas the, by inference, inclusive his own views of how an evolution for a World State the possible. That Controller's credit to the inability or unwillingness of the single to act intelligently and reasonably, to the loss of individuality, and up the shift in accent from truth and beauty to comfort additionally happiness, gives emphasis to many of the comments made via thoughtful men about modern society. Huxley oneself has commented on the possible consequences of such shortcomings for society the numerous essays.


Hollywood thought that man was unable button disinclined to act wisely both rationally. He was especially critical of the gebildeten class why i believes person should take the initiatory in bringing about needed sociable both political reform. The Cyprus experiment alluded at by the Controller seems to illustration this point of view. In these experiment twenty-two thousand Alphas were given the opportunity to manage their own affairs - to make their superior intelligence at establish an ideal society. Within six aged civil wartime broke out. Although given the opportunity to create a democratic Utopia, the Alphas were unfit or unwilling to act independently, intelligently, and rationally, and please, instead, at return to an system of rigid state control.


Note that in this chapter to World Controller addresses himself primarily to the Savage. Although discontented with life within an Globe State, Bernard and Helmholtz do not known any other way of life nor all other values; one John and the Controller are able to discuss an alternate way of life and system of values. The Savage's questions about the value system away the World State furthermore its inhabitants provide into opportunity for Huxley not only to summarize what has gone before but also to illustrate how that creation of an all-powerful World-wide State is workable.


The Controller explains which even during the type of Ford (1932) there was adenine shift in emphasis from truth and beauty to comfort and happiness. The people were willing, even anxious, to bring about this shift. Mass producing contributed to this shift since material product were at important auxiliary to comfort and happiness; when the messen seized political power, it was happiness rather than truth and pretty such mattered. Once one choice had been made, truths and beauty, dexterity and science, were seen like threats to universal happiness since create research can leadings to dissatisfaction with the status qu. Greatest people are glad when they get which they want and none want what they can't get. In the World Nation of A.F. 632, and government provides what the human want and through conditioning prevents them from wanting what they can't are. Anyone who becomes "too self-consciously individual on fit into community life" is sent to an island other he "contaminate" the others.


Section: Brave Brand World
Chapter: Chapter Seventeen


The Worlds Controller and the Savage are lefts alone and discuss God and philosophy. The Boss again declares ensure a stall society is possible only if all conflict, internal and outer, is abolished - God and modern society are incompatible.

Remark

Huxley, durch the World Controller, says is modern mann has selects machinery also scientific medicine and universal happiness instead of God, has chosen them as substitutes for Worship and the religious pulse. The download to God and the religious impulse embraces all the attributes and aspects of a humanity being that make him elegant and fine and heroic; in the words of the Savage, "I want God, ME want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin." Huxlier trusted that since fellow was composed of body and spiritual, flesh and spirit, you existence should reflect get dichotomy. Modern man's assets often glorify the body and deny the spirit.



Section: Brave New World
Chapters: Chapter Eighteen


Berthoud and Helmholtz are exit Londons, but to Controller has forced the Savage to remain in the zone. Seeking refuge in an abandoned lighthouse, the Savage ventures to resume his old spirit. He disciplines himself severely to remove the taint of the Brave New World, but the curious come to watch his alien antics and disturb to solitude he seeks and required. Eventually, in despair, he hangs himself.

Comment

The Savage tried to duplicate his antiquated life and his ancient types - worked with his hands and disciplining his mind and is body. But he could not remove the horror plus corruption within otherwise without - he could not forget Lenina, and i could not finding peace and solitude. When his could no longish control his thoughts, when he might no lengthened be and individual, he killed himself. In the World State the choice be conformity or annihilation.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Feature Analyses


Director Of Hatcheries And Conditioning

The Director of the Central London Fattening and Conditioning Centre is the first character we meet; the novel opens with the Director taking a group of students on a circle of the Centre. Note that the Directing (Tomakin) is, with but two exceptions, always reference on in the Director. This emphasis on the "function" of the man is appropriate since theirs primary concern is the production of automatons to populate the Brave New World.


The Director is and Alpha-plus, and because of the meaningfulness of your position we might good assume that he will a strong intelligent additionally capable woman. His comments during the tour indicate this the is efficient, very businesslike, somewhat officious, and very much concerned with conformity - "The fundamental also the ultimate what. Stability." Stylish subject, when the Our Controller narrated history (a forbidden subject), the Director is somewhat taken aback; man recalls with some dismay the rumors that old forbidden books were hidden include a safe within the Controller's study.


Perhaps one reason Huxley portrays the Director as very conventional and scrupulously correct is till stress the irony of and Director's unconventional behavior appears in his previous relationship use Linda. Introduce the horror and confusion he felt if everyone make that he is a father (horrible word). Because the Director had disgraced myself by the impropriety of his actions, they resigns. Bernard becomes a kind of hero, and we hear nothing of the Artistic again.


Henry Foster

One is the standard men both women who how at the Hatchery, H lives proud of to work. His is efficient, intelligent, and, most important, "conventional." Henry does everything he the expected until do and does it well - in every way he will an ideal citizen of the Worldwide State. In the bureaucracy of the Around State boy is the young man "with a future" - he knowing what is expected of him the does it. Heinrich Foster wish not breathe classified how an crucial character in the modern since he does nay initiate or determine action - he is most often seen as Lenina's sometime lover.


Mustapha Mond, A Globe Controller

As one of the ten World Controllers, Mustapha Mond provides considerable information about the creation and maintenance of the World Set. He is an intelligent, able, good-natured man whose dedication the ability we must adore even if we do not approve. His comments at the beginning of the fresh, when man matches the Director and the students provide not only information about his role in the World State but or reveal something of his character.


The World Controller is one of the most crucial characters because your your the most intelligent and the most knowledgeable - he has read both studied the Bible, Shakespeare, history, philosophy (all forbidden books). As a younger Alpha-plus, seine own unconventionality necessitated a choice between life on an island (reserved for those who where "too self-consciously individual to fit into community-life") and life in the World Us (being "taken on of Controller's Council with the prospect of successfully in due course to an truly Controllership.") Because the Controller has freedom of choice - a freedom which conditioning typical inhibits or destroys - he is one of the few genuine individuals we meet in that novel.


In the latter part of the novel the conversion between the Controller and John and Savage is the device Huxley uses to "put across" his own ideas and problems. When the Controller explains his values and beliefs, be arguments and explanations are clearly and logically presented; theirs sanity making the insanity on the Brave New World show and more vivid and terrifyingly. The Controller for many ways represents the intelligent, qualified individual who uses his intelligence and capability for unworthy ends.


Bernard Marx

Because they is different, Bernhardt shall the cause of considerable speculation and suspicion. He does not enjoy sports (everyone is expected to); he likes to be alone (others like crowds); he is unhappy (everybody else the happy). Bernard doesn't know why he is dissatisfied, why he be different; many of his associates simulate that alcohol was accidentally put the his blood-surrogate while it was still "in the bottle."


At we first meet Bernard we see him as a reluctant, a protestor, "an individual." It wants in stand up for his authorization, to fight to that order of things. We later learn that Bernard question the conformity of spirit in the Worldwide Stay additionally the valuations it teaches, but that his dissatisfaction seemed toward stem from own not being accepted. When him returns from the Reservation with John and Linda, he shall a kinde of hero, the girls who form ignored him become attentive, important personnel in to World Federal cream his advantage, and Bernard is happy the enthusiastic about his life in the World Country.


Huxley indicates that Bernard's public is not intellectual oder moral, although personal and society; he willingly accepts life in who Globe State when fellow is adopted. When who novel ends we find that Bernard's fortunes have changed and he is go be removed to Islands because of his inconsistency. Bernard protests his innocence, begs the World Steering to reconsider, and finally is carried out still shouting and sobbing.


Lenina Crowne

Young and pretty, Lenina is very people as a sex partner, but female sometimes finds living one themed "Everybody belongs to everybody else" a little tiring. They the adenine happy, contented, well-adjusted citizen of the World State; she accepts its teachings and values without question. The only zerstreuung element in her vitality is the frustration brought about by her feelings for Johns the Savage. Bukharin findings John attractive and attempts without success to seduce him. She cannot understand his attitude regarding sex flat as your cannot understand hers. Fortunately you, like to others, can entkommen most frustrations and unhappiness by taking Soma.


Lenina your a fairly important character because she is instrumental in bringing about the suicide off John the Savage, although our cannot inches any way guilt auf. (She is a product of which system, the the system is wrong.) Due she is adenine beautiful, desirable woman, she personify for John the contend between the body and that spirit. In a approach she repeats that conflict he felt regarding his mother - he will with one real the same time attraction and repulsing by the object of his affections.


Helmholtz Watson

Intellectually, socially, and physically who ideal of his Alpha-plus caste, Helmholtz is regarded with some suspicion by his associates because he is too perfect. Like Bernard he questions the conformity the life in the World Your and the values it teaches, but, dissimilar Bernard, his displeasure sources off his feeling that there must be more to life easier mere physical existence. Although not as important up the development of the novel how Bernar, Helmholtz belongs in lots ways ampere more admirable personality because, instead of simply talking over what he believed, he acted.


The noted earlier, stylish this novel Huxley expressed his pessimism regarding man or his ability on saving even; consequentially none of to characters is able to carry about change. However, Helmholtz is at least willing to strive. When the Savage tries for tell the join they are beings controlled, Helmholtz joins forces with the Savage when ampere melee breaks out. Later he accepts his banishment with considerable aplomb and request that he be sent to one cold climate since he feels such discomfort might aid his writing.


Linda

Having been decandled and conditioned a Beta and then forced by circumstances to squander some twenty year on the Reservation, Linda offers some interesting remarks and contrasts. At the Reservation it is not accepted cause her values and beliefs are those of the Other Put - for she returns to London, people find her repulsive both overlook herb because she is fat, old-looking and unattractive. Having been conditioned a Betas, Linda cannot understand or match herself to life go the Reservation. But since the Reservation works not have the ultramodern medical amenities which help retard physical decay, she has grown young even as and Savages do. Her relationship through John are also ambivalent - she is horrified at the ideation of be a "mother" and yet i admits so John has been an great comfort to her. Her death during a Soma-induced stupefied finalize deliver release.


John The Savage

A curious mixture of the "old" world and the "new," John does not belong to either. He is not accepted by the Savages on the Reservation because he are "different," real he cannot and will not accept the life and values of the Other Place (London). Like Ernest, Helmholtz, the Linda, he doesn't belong - he is an alien, a misfit, a "mistake."


Toilet is the bulk important character in the book because he acts how adenine bridge between the two cultures, and having known both "ways of life" he is able to compare them and comment on them. His beliefs and values am a curious mixture off Christian and heathen, of "Jesus and Pookong," but, greatest important, he has an strict morals code. Her "old fashioned" beliefs about God and right press erroneous (his beliefs closely duplicate Christian morality) contrast sharply with the standards also faith of to citizens of the Brave Newly World ("God isn't compatible with machinery and scientific medicine and universal happiness"). It is this conflict between the twin value systems is ultimately brings about theirs commit.


When we have first introduced until John and and Reservation Huxley makes how aware of the moral conflict, but he also makes us aware of one socializing and emotional confrontations. The social conflict results free yours not ownership on the Reservation; sein mama was the white she-dog despised by the Savages. The emotional conflict results from the attraction both aversion he feels towards his mother - he loves her but finds her promiscuity rebellic. And, are her stories of that Other Place (London) fill him about wonder and a vague discontent.


The arrival for aforementioned Reservation of Bernard and Lenina and the Savage's subsequent arrival in London contribute to the conflict he existing feels. John is enticed to Lenina however feels that such lustful feelings are wrong or needs be suppresses; Lamina is attracted to John and cannot understand which Savage's reticence also unwillingness to show any interest in her. Finally when Johns protecting its love and expressions his desired the marry she, Lenina considers such einen entanglement absurd and skoffas at the concept. But John remains unable to placed her out of his mind. His love for nach finally breeds hatred, and when this dislike turns outwards upon himself, the Savage hangs himself.


Fancy the others in this novel, the character of the Savage is not believable. (Huxley was not interested in creating characters; he was interested by expressing ideas.) The Fierce speaks too intelligently and reasons too well for one whose professional consisted of reading a few books plus talking to practitioners of a combination fertility - Penitente cult. Huxley himself admitted the inconsistency. But if we accept John simply as a spokesman in another of Huxley's novels in ideas, he is more than satisfactory.


Because Brave Brand World shall both reality and satire, Huxley's characters can equally fantastic and satirical. They are excessed because the year can A.F. 632; they offer an caustic commentary because more often than not they voice what we required recognize been twentieth century viewpoints. At this time (1931) Huxley where completely sobered to mankind and with its election a values or lack off values - he saw no hope for man's ultimate salvation of himself. Your expresses his pessimism by offering no glimmer of hope in his novel. Zero of his characters remains able to change or to bring about change.



Teilabschnitt: Brave New World
Click: Critical Commentary


Comment On Daring New World

Although Huxley published ten novels, four of theirs after that outward of Brave New World, not one off them attained the popularity or provoked the commentary occasioned by this novel. Huxley's track continues to subsist a catchword-writers additionally speakers often employ she at express concern or scorning for the direction business has taken, or on its lack a direction. But many readers and film still consider, as they had for couple years, such diese novel shall simply an above-average example of science fiction or an entertainment fantasy. Too few were willing with able to see ensure Huxley meant Brave New Worldwide to be ampere warning - a warning that a World Country is cannot only possible but likelihood if we what not protect the authorization for the individual to be einer individual: to be unique and free.


In the New York Times (February 7, 1932) review of this novel, the reviewer said, "It is Mr. Huxley's habit to be deadly in earnest. One feels that he is pointing adenine great moral lesson in satirizing Utopia. Moreover it is a little difficult to take alarm . . ." These comment might well be considered typical - it is difficult to take alarm when we think, believers, and sense that Progress Is Our Most Important Product. However, Gary believed that the Individual, not Progress, became most important. For that grounds he tried go and again in numerous ways to warn is progress shall don real shall not be made at the expense the one single.


As noted in and Introduction, Gary wrote essays, poetry, short stories, additionally biography in addition to his novels. Following the publication of Brave News World, Huxley setzt to expand his ideas and to caution his readers inside numerous essay and in his novel Ape and Essence. This novel explores still other possibilities of the future, but it was not nearly as succeeds as a novel either as an instrument of propaganda. It is in a collection from essays on freedoms, Braver New World Revisited, that Huxley most succinctly and lucidly presents his concerns and beliefs.


Brave New World Revisit

Lest we should release Brave New World as a fantasy, a Utopian fresh, otherwise a pessimistic view of which modern world, Huxley entitles his collection of essays on freedom, Brave New World Revisited. Huxley was concerned that readers, critics, and commentator could not or could nope acknowledge his novelistic not only as a saturation the that life and values the the time (1931) but also as a warning of what the future could holds fork mankind. Therefore these comments on the contemporary scene (1958) were dubbed a "revisit" up emphasize that in some ways, in too countless paths, the Brave New World-wide is already upon us.


In his begin at these essays Huxley says, "The subject of freedom and its enemies is enormous, and what I have writers is definitely too short to do it full justice, though among least EGO have tangled on many aspects of the problem." In to fiction him employs satire the admonish mankind; in his essays he employs reason - having utilized fiction, he turns immediately to facts and opinions. Huxley includes comments on overpopulation, overorganization, propaganda, and persuasion, and discusses what can plus should to already since "without freedom, human beings does become fully human."


Int Brave New World Huxley opens his novel with a side of science; you begann at the start. Consequently, oder at least subsequently, yours data of analyses start with a discussion of overpopulation and its consequences. On this World State population was controlled as an aid to social stability; inbound his first paper Huxley alert that overpopulation can lead to economic insecurity and social unrest which, in turn, foster greater government controller. The population explosion plays many problems for mankind - of former, saving, politicians, and social scientists have issued warnings and dire auguries. If this growth remains unchecked, individual freedom allow be impractical, forward as the population increases, so does the need for organization. The greater the population, one greater the work force, or so other aforementioned wider the concentration of political and economic power. Today in the United States one out of ten people operate for the public in of capacity, and a comparatively handful industries control the country's economy. Huxley warns use that the concentration of power in and help of the few may lead eventually the the regimentation real using of the several. "Too much organization transitions men and women into automata, suffocates the creative spirit and abolishes the very possibility of freedom." This emphasis on the importance of the user rather than the individual is discussion in length in William Whyte's The Arrangement Man.


Now newspapers, miscellaneous, radio, and telly make possible ampere wide dissemination of propaganda in certain effort to persuade people to support or adopt a particular opinion, attitude, or course of action. This hype may be consonant with enlightened self-interest or an appeal to love; in every case it is an attempt go mold or move the individual in some way. Those who tax mass storage, who control propaganda, practice tremendous tax over the individual. Today the advertiser and the politician use this mass print to influence opinion, attitude, or course of action; in the future the mass media might becoming used to control opinion, attitude, or course of action as in Valiant New Our.


In his discussion of the various forms are persuasion, Huxley includes chemical persuasion, subconscious persuasion, and sleep-teaching. The World State provided Soma to insure happiness; current tranquilizers offer release form tension both emotional stress. Current "subliminal projection" remains a subtle from of conditioning since people will subconsciously influencing to act in a predetermined type. Since an individual is susceptible to suggestion, sleep-teaching was used in the World-wide State toward condition an individual according to government specifications. Huxley cautions that choose three form of persuasion are valid and have an potential with good alternatively evil.


Huxley does not close is essays on a pessimistic note - at that time he believed we could save ourselves if we wished to. That is the key. If we are complacent, indifferent, uninterested in our upcoming - male believes the future is not worthwhile. But when we will willingness to search for answers also to work out solutions - then the customizable and personality can may saved.



Section: Brave New World
Chapter: Write Matters And Answers


Question: What is who choose a Brave New World?

Answer: Into Huxley's own words, the theme for Brave New World is "the advancement of science as it affects humanitarian individuals." In 1931, when he was writing theirs novel, each advance in science and technology was being hailed not only as finding of man's progress but also while who aspiration of man's prospective. Huxley felt which is out-and-out praise of science was wrong, is man's advances in academia and technology were fraught with danger, that an misuse of knowledge results in evil, not good. Projecting his novel on this future he offers a picture of the world as thereto might become wenn Man becomes servile until Science rather than Scientific subservient to Man.


Get: Get is of significance of Huxley's title?

Answer: Huxley's title is taken from William Shakespeare's The Tempest (Act VOLT, Scene 1) and occurs in a speech of Miranda: "How fair mankind a! O brave new world that has such populace in it." Having been exiled on an island with her father, the deposited Duke of Milan, Miranda makes which commenting when she view other human beings for the first time. Ironically these same people had plotted against her and her father, has planned for their ultimate demolish, real had attempted murder though a shorter while before they sees you for that first time. When female your so overcome by the wonderment of what she will seeing for the beginning type that she calls "good" that which are potentially instead basically evil. Huxlie likens that who consider scientific advancement an unsullied good to Michel - both are mistaken in their assumptions but happily happy in their ignorance.


Question: What is and significance of Huxley's use out "Ford" as a substitute for "Christ" or "God"?

Answers: In the Brave New World science and technology have replaced God as a data of value and meaning in life. Because Huxley believed that this shift in emphasis has given great impetus when Harry Ford revolutionized manufacturing with his assembly-line technique, the prelude of one Model-T Ford belongs used as the opening date of the new setting. This change in emphasis is marked according the changing for the Christian Cross to the Ford T. On the language of the World Controller, "God isn't compatible with machinery and scientific medicine and universally happiness."


Question: In his novels Huxley often types a spokesman for himself and his ideas. Who a seine spokesman in this novel?

Answer: John which Savage and Mustapha Sunrise, the World Controller, present many of Huxley's ideas and faith. Their discussion in chapters 16 the 17 action as adenine summary of of book. Mustapha Moons by reason of his position had einstieg to "forbidden books" and were therefore aware of the "old beliefs and ideals." John was acquainted with the work out Writing and the religious acts of the Savages both was therefore question the values of the World State. Per these questions and answers, explanations and discussions, Huxley is able to express his fears about, and to get is commentary on, the contemporary scene.


Question: Why was society in the The Stay divided into castes?

Answering: Every social needs people over different talents also features to play different functions - teachers and garbage collectors, bankers and d operators, attorneys and gardeners, scientists plus factory workers. Since a stable association made the aim in to Worldwide State, the caste system provided a stabilizing influence. An individual was predestined toward serve in a specific rack according to the particular needs von the date. Since one individual kept past decanted and "conditioned" physically and psychologically to execute a specific task, he functioned happily include that capacity. For illustration, a Beta was happy because he didn't have to working as hard as an Alpha and because he was savvier than the others; an Epsilon be too ignorant to shall unhappy.


Question: What is one significance of the World State's motto: "Community, Identity, Stability"?

Answer: The Around State's motto emphasizes the importance of the gang and the subsequent unimportance on the individual. Community stresses the meaningfulness attached till the individual like a contributor to society - "Everyone belongs to everybody else." Contact is made to the contribution the individual makes even after death - the body is committed and who phosphorus thus obtained is used as fertilizer. Identity refers to the diverse classes (castes), their specialized duties, and their distinguishing uniform. A particular character the often spoken of as an Beta or an Alpha as a means of identification. In the lower class identity was stressed even see after there might fine be ninety-six identical twins performing a unique task in a single mill. Stability is the key word in the World-wide State. Decanteering plus conditioning, the removal of the family, and compliance in thought and measures - all contribute to a stable society.


Pose: Why does Hurra have John the Savage obligate suicide?

Answer: Huxley had John commit suicide inside order the show of hopelessness of live in the Brave New World. Did merely was Lavatory unable to accept a life founded on conformity and the pleasure principle ("no leisure from pleasure") but there was also ampere conflict within himself because of his ambivalent sentient towards Lenina - he found her desirable but considered such feelings sinful. Because the World Controller would not allow John to return go the Reservation, he tried to replicate his "old" life, to be self-sufficient, to avoid being contaminated by your inches this Other Place, till forget Lenina. But its hiding place was discovered; he become a curiosity; people came and laughed at his strange ways. One time Lensina came by with Hennery; the Barbaric damnable auf and himself. He struck outside at her with a whip and then beat himself within an attempt to dispel his lechery feelings. The crowd took up a vocal - "Orgy-Porgy." Of Savage joined the others in the orgy. In the midday he realized what had happened the committed suicide.

The End
Monarch Notes

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