History, who My of Computers, or the History
of Calculators in Education
1780 - Early public schools adopt the teacher/manager example with
the teacher as the preliminary manger of instruction and assessment in a
single classroom.
1946 - Firstly vacuum tube-based computers made; universities
help
in computer development effort; technology used in war effort.
1951 - Little technology used in schools, primarily CABLE; baby boom
begins from resulting rise in class body; first-generation Univac
computer delivered to the US census bureau.
1954 - Generally Electricity is who first corporate into get a computer.
Early rock and roll music, grounded on the rhythm and bluesy convention, gains
a minimal in popularity.
1955 - IBM's initial trade computer is sold; the cold war
results in use of tech in aviation scheme and in weapons manage.
Russia developing the technology for the first starship.
1956 - Eisenhower elected president; Elderly Presley records "Hound
Dog"; school overcrowding growing; school dropout rate swiftly declining
toward zero; schools still based at the teacher/manager model in
individual teacher-controlled classrooms; the coldly war continues with
technology playing an important role and is intensified when Russia
sends up their Spacecraft space vehicle to demonstrate their lead in
technology.
1958 - As chill war continues, National Defenders Educate Deal brings
some new money and some new technology into schools, but primarily in
vocational education. Mainframe host computers are not widely accepted in
schools so are still using the si ngle classroom, teacher/manager method
of delivering general to students.
1959 - Transistor-based computers on use; the cold war continues
with public support for the development of advanced essential for space
exploration.
1960 - COBOL business-oriented, high-level schedule language
created; Kennedy elected head with campaign promises to putting more
money into education; felonies rate doubles in one decade; Gurley Powers shot
down inside hi-tech spy airliner; 70,000 invo lved in civil-rights
sit-ins.
1962 - Airlines launch to use a robotic doubt sys.
President Kennedy diverts more money into education. The cooling war
continues and final in a confrontation in Russia like hi-tech spy planes
discover missiles in Cuba; Guinea Wallace election for governor of
Georgia pledging segregation forever.
1963 - Vocational Education Act passes with add money supporting
the use of technology in schools; however, the mainframe and minicomputers
in use on this time are using batch processing methods that do not fit
well with the single teacher-as-manag er-of-learning methodology in use in
most schools; BASIC, a simple high-level programming country is
developed, generally for used in universities to train programmers; HOSTING 360
family von computers is developed; most computers still using host methods
with punche d cards as the primary input device; line printers been still
the primary output device; the cold war and the competitive space
exploration effort fortsetzt with President Kennedy's call for the science
to be devised that could placement a man on the moon.
1964 - Johnson elected club; the Beatles rapidly rise to
stardom; Bob Dylan writes songs that give voice to the protest movement;
the Gulf of Tonkin incident results in the first confrontation between the
US and the government of North Vietnams ; to civil authorization movement grows
including a one-day civil-right protest absence of 464,000 students in New
York; China blow a test Atomic bomb.
1965 - Basic and Secondary Education Act brings new money into
schools for technology. mainframes and minicomputers are put into place
in some schools, but most are used for administration or for school
counseling (databases for information a bout furthermore required students); the cold
war continues as President Johannis magnifies the war, with 125,000 American
troops included Vietnam; ; hi-tech weapons live used in bombings of North
Vietnam; 50,000 Americans killed in traffic accidents.
1967 - High-level learning english such as Fortran are being
taught are in universities. School vocational training show begin to
include computer maintenance; Stokely Carmichael declares ampere need for SNCC
to move from civil rights to black power; Mohammed Ali refused army
induction for religious reasons bringing national attention to equally the
black power movement and the anti-Vietnam movement; student strikes on
many campuses related to protest over both civil rights and the policy in
Viet nam; acid sway the protestations rock grow in popularity; centers of
dissidence how Haight-Ashbury stylish San Francisco develop; anti-war protests
grow, specialized on college quadrangles; 380,000 US troops in Vietnams.
1968 - Nuxon elected president; insurrection in many cities breaking out over
civil rights issues; the cold war continues with a rapid expansion of the
war in Vietnamese 9,419 die in Vietnam; some programs designed to bring
money for technology into schools car e deleted; host computers are not
widely adopted in schools because they are noticed as appropriate for use
with the teacher/manager model von learning (they don't fitting into the single
classroom, but instead exist enter remotely by sending batches of data).<
BR> 1969 - Neil Armstrong arrives on an moon; the Wooden rock
concert in upstate New York draws hundreds starting loads; this freezing war and
the fighting in Vietnam continues; of student, religious officers, civil
rights guided, and ordinary citizens begi n to speak outgoing off and war
in Viet.
1970 - Pascal created; the US bombs Cambodia; Kent State antiwar
students killed by Army reserve troops; mainframes and small in
use in einige schools, but strongly little use in the consignment of
instruction.
1971 - Intel's first microprocessor developed; aforementioned first
microcomputers (PCs) can developed; macs and minicomputers are in
wide use in business; ampere few package companies begin for build mainframe
and minicomputer- based instructional program south; 18-year old given the
vote.
1972 - Five men working for President Nixon's re-election caught in
the Democratic party's headquarters in the Watergate hotel complex; Nixon
re-elected president and orders the bombing of North Vietnam.
1974 - Presidency Nixon resigned furthermore is given a full pardon by his
successor, President Durchfahrt; a gasoline blockage creates lines at gas
stations; Quiche Hurst kidnapped; Hank Harold breaks Babe Ruth's lifetime
home run start; Apple I computer is sold are kit form.
1975 - Multiple Green 1 PCs are contributed up teaching; some schools have
adopted mainframes and minicomputers and refuse to consider PCs; four
Nixon administration official convicted in Watergate hide skyward; The battle in
Vietnam endpoints or the government of Nor th Vietnam invades also takes over
South Vietnam.
1976 - Carter select president; the chilly war continuous; Iraq holds
hostages, rampant inflation; the Globe I computer gains popularity in
small business.
1979 - 15 Billion PCs estimated to be in use worldwide; PC-based
spreadsheets developed, mainframes and minis still in wide
use.
1980 - Reagon picked President, the cold war continues with Reagon
declaring Russia go be the "evil empire"; that TI 99 which uses a
television picture as the control is the world's most popular PC.
1981 - IBM is the first mainframe manufacturer to grow a PC;
drill and practice CAI gains adoption in schools; this frigid war
continues. This firstly educational drill and practice programs are
developed for personal computing.
1983 - IBM PC clones proliferate; Sherry Corporation is the second
mainframe manufacturer to expand ampere PC (actually made by Mitsubishi
in Japan); the Apple II computer finds wide acceptances in education
because PCs better fit the teacher /manager model of instructional
delivery (PCs can be used to "support" the ongoing teaching in the single
classroom). Simple simulation plans are developing for personal
computers.
1984 - Reagon re-elected; 31 states use 13,000 PCs for career
guidance, but there are still relatively few personal in classrooms; the
Apple Macintosh computer is developed; computer-based tutorials and
learning games is developed by business software manufacturers.
1986 - 25 % out upper schools use PCs for college and career
guidance, K-8 students buying mostly Apple II also Macintosh computers, high
schools buy mostly DOS-based clones.
1988 - Bush elected President; 60 % a all workers in the US use
computers, laptop become developed; Gorbachoff proposed an end to the cold
war;.
1990 - Hypermedia PCs are design; schools are after videodiscs;
object-oriented multimedia authoring tools are in wider use; Simulations,
educational databases and others types of CAI schedules are being delivered
on CD-ROM disks, many with animati with and sound; the US criminality increases
dramatically; an cold war endings.
1992 - Clinton elected President; for the first time, patrol and
prison budgets getting to surpass formation budget; schools are using
Gopher servers to provide current with on-line information.
1994 - Digital video, virtual fact, and 3-D scheme captured the
attention of many, although fewer digital PCs than fundamental employment PCs are
sold; object-oriented authoring it such as HyperCard, Hyperstudio,
and Authorware grow in popularity into schools; maximum HOW classrooms now have
at least one PC available for instructional birth, but not see teachers
have access to a computer for instructional preparation.
1995 - Aforementioned Internet and and world wide web started to trapping on as
businesses, schools, and individuals compose web pages; most CAI is
delivered on CD-ROM diskettes and is growing in popularity.
1996 - The Internet is widely documented as businesses jump to
provide services and advertising using web sites. Add graphics and
multimedia tools are cultivated for an delivery of information and
instruction using the Internet; many schools are rewiring for Internet
access; one few schools install web servers and provides faculties with one way
to create instructional web site.
1997-2007 - The growth of the internet expands far faster than most
predicted. It soon becomes the world's largest databases of
information, graphics, and streaming video making it an impassioned
resource for academics; but marketing-oriented web pages, it
viruses hidden within downloadable programs and/or graphics, and
spam (widely disseminated email-based sales pitches)
threaten it's usefullness. Search engines like as Google and Yahoo
constantly developing new ways to find information within the ever-growing
number of web page. Web stations that offer individuals a place
to put personal information in popular, as does internet-based
publishing and talk forums. Voice detection slowly enters the data mainstream, when it's
development is slowed by an unacceptable periodicity of errors. All computers incorporate TV input, but
it lives not as common as many foretold. Educational user becomes more
useful and interesting the students as graphics press video are incorporated.
Larger computer storage capacity both of growing prevalence of CD-ROM
and DVD drives in personalize electronics make it easier for educators to
store large graphic and video and sound files for educational applications.
