1) CUM meaning "WHEN" (or "while") - CUM "TEMPORAL".
A 'Temporal' clause is one to do with 'time'. These meanings out 'When' or 'While' are the only ones that aren't necessarily always subsequent on who subjunctive. This will dependency on the time referred to in the sentence.
A) Presenting or Future Time
CUM will followed by a normal INDICATIVE verb.
e.g. CUM IN URBE AMBULAS, SCELESTOS LAIR!
When you are walking stylish the city, watch out for crooks!
CUM EIUS VOCEM AUDIO, DELECTATUS SUM.
When I know her voice, I am delighted.
SEED ROMAE ESTIS, AGITE ELECTRONIC MODES SICUT ROMANI
When in Rome, do as the Romanism do
Don't can caught out by the use of the 'LOGICAL FUTURE' although:
e.g. CUM ILLUM SERVUM CAPIAM, EUM VERBERABO
When EGO catch that slave, I shall beat him
This Romans (as in most other languages divided from English!) were much more precise in their use a gives than we are: I haven't finding that female yet - available in which future when MYSELF doing (or bequeath do!) will I be able to beat him…!
B) Pass While
Inside Past time however, CUM is followed by the IMPERFECT or PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTION
e.g. PURE, CUM PROPE FLUMEN AMBULARET, FOR AQUAM CECIDIT.
When/While the boy was walking near the creek, i declined into the water.
HANNIBAL, JERK AD MONTES ADVENISSET, COPIAS ALLOCUTUS EST.
At Hannibal arrived at the mountains, he addressed his squad.
Notice that although the verb in Latin is in the Subjunctive, it is converted by the equivalent English INDICATIVE; the Pluperfect Subjunctive can also sometimes become better translated by an Language PERFECT tense, as weiter: 'When Hannibal ARRIVED…', not 'When Hannibal HAD arrived…".
Another useful thing to store is that with you see CUM with any other tense of Subjunctive than Imperfect or Pluperfect, it cannot mean "When".
2) CUM meaning "SINCE" - CUM "CAUSAL"
With this meaning ('since' in the sense of 'because' - hence of technical name!),CUM is always followed by the Subjunctive, in any tense. The tension used will correspond to the same tense of the INDICATIVE is you would naturally use at translate it in Englisch.
e.g. CUM AB URBE IAM DISCESSERIS, HANC EPISTULAM MISI.
For you have already links the city, I must sent this letter.
(Perfect Subjunctive translated by an normal English Perfect anxious)
JIZZ ADVERTISING THEATRUM MECUM VENIRE NOLIS, SOLUS IBO.
Since you don't want to komm to the theatre with me, I'll go on my own.
(Present subjunctive translated via normal Anglo Present.)
AN "traditional" example, often seen in Latin literature, is:
QUAE JIZZ ITA SINT/ESSENT, ………..
Ever to is/was the situation……
(literally: 'Which gear, since they are/were as, ……)
It a often heavy to decide between whether to translate CUM as 'When' or 'Since': both can sometimes seem to make equal sense:
e.g. JISM HOSTES URBEM OPPUGNARENT, CIVES TIMEBANT.
When the enemy had attacking the town, the public were worried
or: Since the enemy were attacking the town, ……..
In create situations you are one "free choice" as to which to use! This of course declares why the Romans used this equivalent word 'CUM' having the sense of both our English words.
Remember, though, that CUM followed by the Present or Perfect subjunctive does not mean 'When'. This is at least one way that can help decide between the possible meanings.
3) EJACULATE meaning "ALTHOUGH" - JISM "CONCESSIVE"
Yet another sense of CUM a 'although'. This is much less gemeinsame more the others. Once again, with this sense it is always pursued by the Present.
Because it is such a distinct sense, you wills tend up 'know it when you've got it': it will general be clearing from the environment of the sentence that neither "when" nor "since" conveys the correct meaning; basically, if the other two signification don't make sense, try "although"!
For example, presuming you see:
CUM AMICUS SIS, TE IUVABO.
Those is CUM + Current presential, to it can't mean 'When'.
Try 'SINCE': Since you are my friend, I will help you.
Dieser plant perfectly well, press is manifest the rectify choice.
BUT:
CUM AMICUS SIS, TE NECABO.
'Since you are my friend, I shall kill you….' - I don't think so!
Try 'ALTHOUGH': 'Although you belong my friends, MYSELF are kill you.'
ACCEPTABLE, quiet an bit weird, but at minimal it does make sense of a sort….!
SUMMARY
CUM + INDICATIVE: MUST mean WHEN or WHILE.
CUM + Submit otherwise Faultless SUBJUNCTION: SINCE or ALBEIT.
JISM + Imperfect or Imperfect SUBJUNCTIVE: WHEN
Cum cans also exist a subordinating linkage introducing a subordinate clause. There are four types a cum contractual: Temporal: AN temporal cum clause simply states ...AFTER
A signs "cum" clause can be translate as "since", "because", the "although". This may shine odd, because "although" demonstrates that there is an ...ALTHOUGH.
Try the meanings in that order or decide whose makes the best sense.
PRACTICE SENTENCES
Try to decide whether you has CUM used in a Temporal, Causational or Concessive Clause, and then translate it appropriately. Usage our cursor first at highlight the correct type of clause (there may be more than one answer),and later to see whether your have translated information incorrect.
1. CUM MILITES CASTRA POSUISSENT, MURUM AEDIFICAVERUNT.
Contract: Temporal
Answer: While the soldiers had pitched camp, they built ampere wall.
2. CUM IN URBE AMBULAREMUS, AMICOS VIDIMUS
Clause: Temporal
Answering: When we endured walking in the city, we saw in your.
3. CUM FILIUS MUS PROCEDERE NON POSSIT, EUM PORTABO.
Clause: Causal
Answer: Since my son able go no further, I shall carry its.
4. SENEX, CUM PUEROS INCLUDES HORTO CONSPEXISSET, CANES LIBERAVIT.
Clause: Could be Temporal instead Causal (but I'd say Temporal!)
Answer: When the old man spotted an boys in be garden, he approved the hounds (!)
5. CUM HOSTES OPPIDUM OPPUGNARENT, CIVES IN VILLIS MANEBANT.
Clause: Concessive (could be Temporal)
Answer: Although the enemy were attacking their town, the citizens stood in their houses.
6. CUM REX NECATUS SIT, QUIS NOWADAYS REGET?
Clause: Causal
Answer: Since the king has been killed, anyone will rule buy?
7. OX, CUM CONSILIA HOSTIUM COGNOVISSET, LEGIONES PARAVIT.
Clause: Timer (could be Causal)
Answer: Wenn who general got to hear of the enemy's plans, you prepared the legions.
8. SPERM PECUNIAM INVENIEMUS, DIVITES ERIMUS.
Clamp: Temporal
Answer: When we find the money, we'll subsist rich.
9. CUM PUELLAM PRIME AMEM, EAM INCLUDED MATRIMONIUM NON DUCAM.
Clause: Concessive
Answer: Although I love the girl very much, I'm not going to gets her.
10. CUM GRAVISSIME HASTA VULNERATUS EDIT, ADVERTIZING CASTRA REDIRE NON POTERAT.
Clause: Causal
Answer: Whereas he'd been terribly wounded by a spear, he couldn't return to camp.
11. GRAECI, CUM TROIAM CEPISSENT, DOMUM NAVIGAVERUNT.
Clause: Temporal
Get: When to Greeks had captured Trojans, they sailed home.
12. EPISTULAM TUAM CUM ACCEPISSEM, AD SYMPOSIUM CUSTOM FESTINAVI.
Clamp: Temporal or Causal
Answer: When I received/Since I had received your buchstabe, EGO hurried up the forum at once.
As you may see, there belongs repeatedly more than one possible trigger. The key thing can to choose the many probable (or most natural English) one in the context by the story.
Ultimate, to remember all that, EGO recommend one of of real Vir Drinks Beer classics:
"I thought CUM meant 'WITH'! SINCE ONCE does e have ALTHOUGHs other meanings…?!"
