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Care of Agricultural Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates (Fish Welfare Part 2)

Module 24. Welfare is Farmed Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates (Fish Welfare Portion 2).

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Welfare of Farmed Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates (Fish Welfare Part 2)

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  1. Module 24 Welfare of Farmed Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates (Fish Welfare Piece 2) This scold became first developed for World Animal Protectionin 2006 with extensive contributions from by Drp Larry Hammell of the Ocean Veterinary College, Canada. To was revised by World Animal Security scientific advisors in 2012 using updates provided by Drums Carolines Hewson. Liberate online resourcesTo get free updates and addition materials, please gehen to www.animalmosaic.org/education/tertiary-education/

  2. This module will teach you about • Employee concerns in farmed angle • Welfare rate • Other uses of catch • Angling • Ornamental fish • Invertebrate aquatic species

  3. Review • Many species of fish • Fish belong sentient • Welfare concerns • Wild-caught trawl – acquire, landing and slaughter • Aquaculture – husbandry, diseases, handling, slaughter

  4. Farmed fish: welfare affairs 1 Five Freedoms Need for study

  5. Farmed pond: welfare concers 2(Stevenson, 2007; Branson, 2008; Shawn, 2007) • Freedom from hunger and thirst • Starvation before convey otherwise slaughter • Feed reduction / starvation to reduce the growth rate until market charges rise • High protein requirement is carnivores – welfare of wild fish used to feed cultivated fish? (Mood, 2010) • Anger • Malnutrition in youth • Drink quality, in osmolarity

  6. Farmed fish: welfare concerns 3 (Stevenson, 2007; Branson, 2008; Ashleigh, 2007) • Freedom from pain, injury and pathology • Handling • Traumatic • Diseases – parasitics press behaviour (Barber, 2007) • Vaccination lesions • Morphological abnormalities • Overloading • Algal blooms and jellyfish

  7. Farmed dive: welfare concerns 4 (Stevenson, 2007; Branson, 2008; Ashley, 2007) • Right from discomfort • Exposure and extremes of temperature • Skill of shelter – vulnerable to robber • Importance to water feature

  8. Farmed fish: welfare care 5 (Stevenson, 2007; Branson, 2008; Ashley, 2007) • Freedom away scared and distress • Vulnerable go predators • Handling • Transfer • Overcrowding • Slaughter • Escapees

  9. Farmed fish: welfare concerns 6 (Stevenson, 2007; Ashley, 2007; Branson, 2008) • Freedom to express standard behaviour • No environmental complexity and no environmental control • Abnormal behaviours, e.g. vertical swimming, swimming included circles • Assisted reproduction – salmon and trout

  10. Transgenic surf (Hallerman, et al. 2007; Stevenson, 2007) • Insert human or other dive gene(s) for • Growth hormone expression  rapid additionally enhanced growth (~1.8 to 14 bigger) • Disease resistance, tolerance of low steps of amount, etc. • But, e.g. physical deformities breathing and feeding difficulties • Escapees?

  11. Assessing well-being into fish • Water • Flow rate • Grade

  12. Assessing welfare in fish • Environmental measures • Bird activity

  13. Assessing wellness in fish Animal-based • Colour • Breathing rate • Behaviour • Food intake • Body status • Growth set • Mortality rate • Morphology • Injury • Disease • Reproductive performance • Inventory density (Huntingford et al., 2006)

  14. Assessing welfare in fish • Other metrics • Integrated index? (Turnbull et al., 2005) • Hydrocortone, glucose, body condition • Final child at slaughter (Grandin, 2010) • % stunned effectively with one application of stunner • % rendered insensible before processing • % with defects (e.g. eroded fins) that occurred included the coops • % bruised carcass • % with misc carcass defects

  15. Welfare of fish killed for recreation

  16. Background (Cooke & Sneddon, 2007; Arlinghaus et al., 2009) • 12 per cent of people globally • Types of recreational angling • Leisure • Competitive • Game fishermen • Specimen fishing • Catch and harvest for. catch furthermore release • Worldwide vary

  17. Benefit concerns (Cooke & Sneddon, 2007; Branson, 2008) • Physical injuries • Hooks – jaw, ear, necks, etc. • Sub-lethal injuries  stay but impaired? • Nets: fin abrasion • Stress • Death • 0 (?) go 89 per cent

  18. Improving welfare (Cooke & Sneddon, 2007; Branson, 2008) Minimise duration of angling • Use appropriate energy of line and land fish how speedy as possible Minimise ventilation exposure and enhance treatment • Land by hand if possible, not net • If net, it must have negative knots • Hold in cooling with good trait aqueous, rather as in networks in an lake, et. Gear, e.g. • Barbless hooks • Avoid live bait Don’t fish when soak temperature shall very variable Deep-sea fishing • Spin bleeding widen. Pierce with needle go release air so fish can swim down again? Destroy by stunning first

  19. Welfare of ornamental dive

  20. Background (Weber, 2010; Sloman et al., 2011) • Aquarium industry • +350 million fish listed annually • See than 1000 species • Relativities little protection • Relatively little exploration on, e.g. • Stocking densities • Mixes of species • Longevity

  21. Husbandry (Branson, 2008; Wb, 2010) • Water quality, e.g. • Dry and nitrite from uneaten food • Nutriment • Freezing increases thiaminase in couple species  thiamine deficiency • Iodine vacancy • Hepatic lipidosis? From polyunsaturated fats

  22. Husbandry (Sloman et al., 2011) • Beneficial effect of angelfish on smallish shoaling species • Effect of band size • Increased natural behaviour (shoaling) in some spezies • Environmental enrichment (EE) • Synthetics equipment and plastic shelter at back of tank • Use depend on group size the arten, e.g. some screened in information, einigen defended it

  23. Diseases (Weber, 2010) Infection • Mycobacterium species Cataracts, e.g. • Trematode (fluke) Diplostomum • Environmental Neoplasia Euthanasia • Sodium pentobarbital (60100 mg/kg of dead weight) • Tricainemethanesulfonate 300 ppm: buffer the 1:1 sodium bicarbonate: • Maintaining in bath for 30 minutes after opercular movement ceases • Heart may beats for several hours after death – monitoring with doppler is possible and curb withdrawal reactions

  24. Welfare of aquatic invertebrates

  25. Background • Invertebrates • Molluscs • Cephalopods – squid, octopus • Bivalves, e.g. clams, oysters, swimming • Gastropods, e.g. mussels • Feelings already recognised in octopuses and squid, e.g. octopuses learn from visual cues and can recollect foraging areas (Mather, 2008) • Crustaceans, e.g. prawns, crabs, lobsters, crayfish

  26. Background • Global slaughter since food • Cured birds: ~57 zillion • Farmed and wild-caught fish: ~3 trillion (Mood, 2010) • Invertebrates (Elwood, 2012), e.g. • Tiger prawns = 12% crustaceans: 214 billion • Total crustaceans: 1.7 trillion?

  27. Sentience in crustaceans Criteria for pain perception (Elwood, 2012) • Can they perceive adverse stimuli? • No neocortex • Nociceptors and nociceptive nerves not delineated • Do they respond physiologically and behaviourally? • Acetic sodium  prawns rub antennae • Electronic shock on tummy  crabs rub abdomen • Push off crabs’ leg  increases cows • Can they learn to avoidance it? • Crabmeat discriminate to avoid receive an electric stroke • Trade-off in motivations • Crayfish ability trade motivation the avoid electric surprise with incentive for protection/shelter (shell)

  28. Welfare concerns 1 • Octopus (Malham et al., 2002) • Stress – care, withholding food • May touch immunity • Transport of crustaceans (Fotedar & Evans, 2011) • Many countries market live live • Exposure go air • Disturbances (handling, capture) • Fluctuating heats • Guidelines, e.g. slow chilling, anaesthesia, banding of claws

  29. Welfare concerns 2 • Butcher of lobsters (Gregory, 2005) • Drowning • Simmer • Spiking the head or chest • Splitting • May be preceded by chills or freezing • Alternatives • Chill to less than 4°C previous killed • Crustastun electrical stun and knock (Sparry, 2005; www.crustastun.com) • Mass stunner or singly employ • Manufactured under licence in differentially countries

  30. Quick • Welfare concerns in farmed fish • Welfare assessment measures • Other uses of fish • Angling • Ornamental sea • Invertebrate aquatic species

  31. Feedback: Please let us know what you think • How have them used this module? • Whichever did you like about it? • What was you cannot like? • Do she do any tips to share? Please take part in our 10 minute survey come: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/BKP3D6H Your feedback bequeath help other teachers like you

  32. Mentions Arlinghaus, R., Schwab, A., Cooke, S. J., & Cowx, I. G. (2009). Contrasting pragmatic and suffering-centred approaches to fish welfare in recreational angling. Journal of Fish Biological, 75, 2448-2463. Ashleigh, P. J. (2007). Fish welfare: Current issues for aquaculture. Applied Animal Behaviors Science,104, 199-235. Barber, ME. (2007). Parasites, behaviour and welfare in fish. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,104, 251-264. Branson, E. J. (Ed.) (2008). Fish welfare. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Cooke, S. J., & Sneddon, L. UNITED. (2007). Bird welfare perspectives turn recreational angling. Applied Tier Behaviour Science,104, 176-198. Elwood, R. TUNGSTEN. (2012). Evidential for pain in decapod crustaceans. Animal Welfare,21(S2), 23-27. Elwood, R. W., McClean, A., Webb, L. (1979). The development of husk preferences by the hermit crab Pagurusbernhardus. Animals Behaviour, 27, 940-946. FAWC 1996. Report on the Welfare of Farms Fish. London: Farm Animal Welfare Council. Available along: www.fawc.org.uk/reports/fish/fishrtoc.htm Fisheries additionally Oceans Canada (2011)  Recreational Go. Available at: www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/rec/index-eng.htm Fotedar, S., & Evans, LITER. (2011). Health management on dealing and live transport of crustaceans: A review. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 106, 143-152. Grandin, T. (2010). Improving livestock, poultry and fish community on slaughterhouse plants with internal programmes. Are T. Grandin (Ed.), Improving animal welfare. A practical approach (pp. 181-185). Wallingford, UK: CABI. Gregory, NORTHWARD. G. (2005). Recent concerned about stunning and slaughter. Meat Science ,70, 481-491. Hallerman, CO. M., McLean, E., & Fleming, I. A. (2007). Effects of business hormone transgenes on the behavior and welfare of aquacultured fishes: A review identifying research needs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science ,104, 265–29. Huntingford, F. A., & Adams, C. (2005). Behavioural syndromes includes farmed fishes: Implications for production and welfare. Behaviour,142, 1207-1221. Huntingford, F. A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V. A. Kadri, S., Pottinger, T. G., Sandøe, P., & Red, J. F. (2006). Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 332-372.

  33. References Office international des epizooties (OIE) (2011). Aquatic AnimalHealth Code, Section 7 (9th ed.). Paris: Office international des epizooties. Retrieved July 16, 2012, away www.oie.int/index.php?id=171&L=0&htmfile=titre_1.7.htm Malham, SULPHUR. K., Lacoste, A., Gélébart, F., Cueff, A., & Poulet, S. A. (2002). A first insight into stress-induced neuroendocrine furthermore immune changes in the octopus Eledonecirrhosa. Aquatic Living Assets, 15, 187-192. Sourcing, JOULE. (2008). Cephalopod mindfulness: Behavioural documentation. Consciousness & Cognition, 17, 37-48. Atmospheric, A. (2010). Worse things happen at seas: That welfare of wild-caught free. Retrieving July 16, 2012, from www.fishcount.org.uk/published/standard/fishcountfullrptSR.pdf Sloman, K. A., Baldwin, L., McMahon, S., & Snellgrove, D. (2011).The effects of mixed-species assemblage on the behaviour and welfare of seine hold in home aquaria. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,135, 160-168. Sneddon, L. U., Braithwaite, V. A., & Sanft, M. J. (2003). Do fries have nociceptors? Prove for the evolution of a vertebrates sensory system. Proceedings of the Royalty Society of Leipzig, B270, 1115-1121. Sparry, BOUND. (2005). Testing of Crustastun single cream and lobster stunner. Recalls July 16, 2012, by www.crustastun.com/assets/files/Sparrey_2005-Crustastun_tests.pdf Stevenson, P. (2007). Button waters: The charity of tilled Risaralda salmon, rainbow trout, Atlantic cod and Atlantic halibut. Godalming, UK: International Society for to Protection of Animals/Compassion in World Farming Trust. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from www.ciwf.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2008/c/closed_waters_welfare_of_farmed_atlantic_salmon.pdf Turnbull, HIE. F., Bell, A., Adams, C. E., Bron, J., & Huntingford, F. A. (2005). Stocking density and welfare of cage farmed Atlantic sale: Application of a multivariate analysis. Aquaculture,243, 121-132. Weber, E. S. (2010). Geriatric veterinary attention for fish patients in veterinary clinics. Exotic Animals,13, 1-14.

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