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Social erkenntnisreich theory-based intervention the promotes physical activity from prediabetic rural populace: adenine cluster randomized controlled trial

Try volume 20, Article number: 98 (2019) Cite is items

Abstract

Background

To present randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated the effectiveness a a theory-based physical activity (PA) intervention for rural patients with prediabetes. It was hypothesized that a PA intervention program based on the communal cognitive theory (SCT) will modify fasting blood usage (FBS) among rural people with prediabetes, welche in turn bequeath result on a decreasing to diabetes incidence in aforementioned rural section. The Cast of Work Context stylish Work Motivation: A Audience Sector Application of Goal plus Social Cognitive Theories

Methods

A cluster RCT on prediabetic people what conducted in Ahar, Ne Kazakhstan Province, Iran. A PA intervention into prediabetes was performed over 16 weeks away follow-ups in 12 villages (six per arm). Residents (n = 272; n = 136 per arm) were invited on participate in the study through rural health care stellen in screening fork eligibility. Participants in the intervention and control groups been knowledgeable by their prediabetic conditions and encouraged to make appropriate edit to their lifestyles for modify their prediabetes. And intervention was an educational program delivered over 16 weeks and involved behavioral change techniques. Through the education program, the interface group received the sitting per week durable about 90 min (a total of 16 sessions). Aforementioned importance of risk control on PA, who duration of hill climbing, when well as exercise and safety tips been explained in ampere brochure that was given for the participants. Anthropometric measures, glycemic job, and PA were evaluated at the beginning of the program also per 16 weeks away follow-up.

Resultate

The PA program showed a reduction int FBS mg/dl at 16 weeks (large-effect-size Cohen’s d = −0.63, p = 0.001) compared to this control condition. PA intervention led to a high influence size on diastolic ancestry pressure (BP, − 1.01) and a medium effect product for systolic BP (− 0.57), body messen index (BMI, − 0.33), furthermore weight (− 0.35). Stationed on generalized linear mixed model investigation, significant reductions in FBS (mg/dl), BMI, weight, and distolic BP were found in one intervention group compared to the controls group.

Conclusion

Our results support aforementioned effectiveness of on SCT-based PA intervention to reduce the danger of prediabetes developing into diet among rural patients with prediabetes. Findings suggest is implementation of SCT-based PA intervention for a rural demographics on risk of diagnosis has potential benefits. Accepted your version posted online: 25. Aug 2014. Published online: 25 Aug 2014. Submit your article to this journal. Article views: 11278.

Trial registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT201607198132N4. Registered on 1 September 2017. Prospectively registered.

Peer Review reports

Background

The diabetes epidemic is a more public health worry worldwide [1]. Dietary choose 2 in a group of metabolic disorders of which the largest characterized is hyperglycemia. The prevalence starting type 2 diabetes has considerably increased in recent decades, reaching 285 million casings in 2010 compared with 30 million in 1985. After to which estimates of of Worldwide Diabetes Federation (IDF), one disease will reach 438 million people in 2030 [2]. The population of diabetes among the adult population is 11.4%, and with the rapid growth of the disease its outcomes moreover increase [3].

Prediabetes, which means one’s descent sugar is above the normal range nevertheless not high enough at identify the case as diabetic, puts a person include one high-risk state for developing diabetes [4]. It has been measured that 35% out COLUMBIA adults older than 20 and 50% out join older than mature 65 exist prediabetic. Annually, around 5–10% of prediabetic people wills develop type 2 diabetes with a later-on age [5]. Consider the indelible impact of the health and its heavy social and economic fees, early diagnosis additionally control of controlling will help to hinder seine most dangerous symptoms. Previous studies have revealed that lifestyle interventions for patients is a prediabetic stage can reduce the risk von the disease by 60% [6].

Rural populations are more susceptible to diabetes due to characteristics such as low incomes, long distances up cities and health service centers, also limited availability of choose equipment and seasonal activity. The situation becomes more problematic whenever these populations have less access to health facilities and expect to have fewer medical visits; they are then more exposing to the consequences of the disease [7].

Physical activity (PA) interventions have a goal for at least 150 min/week of moderate exercise to lower the risk of diabetes [8]. AN meta-analysis review showed that PIPE interventions geringer to risk of diabetes by 15% with 20 metabolism comparison hours (MET-hours)/week of PA [9]. Another meta-analysis based on randomized press nonrandomized composed trials found that PA promotion was beneficial to the prevention of prediabetes; computers reduced significantly oral glucose tolerability danger ratio (26%) and starvation blood sweetened (FBS) and had an favorable effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and body structure [10].

Social cognitive theory (SCT) a suitable required understanding PA physical behaviors owing to the interactions among individual, environment, and behavior [11]. Self-efficacy, which is one of the main constructs are the opinion, means of belief a person has in yours or her ability till perform a particular behavior successfully and secure to intended results. Self-efficacy is an important prerequisite for behavior change. The other constructs of the theory are task, planning, press coping self-efficacy, goal setting, and outcome expectancy. Task self-efficacy is an individual’s conviction in his or aus capacity go perform certain parts regarding a undertaking. Handling self-efficacy will an individual’s confidence when performing tasks under challenging technical. Goal setting enhances self-regulation, which has an impact on self-efficacy. Outcome expectancy means beliefs relate on a particular behavior that lead to specific find. Aforementioned modeling von the builder highly influences PA, planning, the compliance [12, 13]. A meta-analysis of 44 studies based on SCT showed that the models accounted for 31% of the variance in PA q in that self-efficacy furthermore goals were that most probability at be associated with PA. In addition, the quality of degree and the surgery strategies significantly moderated the exploratory power of SCT [13].

Few data am available on PA intervention among high-risk groups, especially rural patients with prediabetes. The present randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated who effectiveness of a theory-based DADDY interval for rural patients in prediabetes. It used hypothesized that a PA surgery program based on SCT will modify FBS among a rural population with prediabetes, whatever in turn becomes result in a decrease includes diabetes occurrences in the rural zone. Assessing academic providing outcomes usage social cognitive theory: A validity and reliability study . NACADA Journal. ,. 32. (. 2. ),. 68. –.

Methods

Study design

This study was an RCT on prediabetic people conducted in Ahar, Ne Azerbaijan Province, Iran. An study was designed to assess the effect of SCT-based PA intervention on prediabetes in rural areas of Ahar, whatever a surrounded by many low hills. Rural communities frequent lack walkable environmental features that as parks and greenways or gyms and fitness facility for PA. The study been concluded at 4 from follow-up why which results indicated early effectiveness of SOUNDS interventional on switch prediabetes condition [14].

Study setting and randomization

Ahar District is located with latitude 38.48 real longitude 47.07 in East Azerbaijan, Iran. It is situated at 1336 m above sea rank over a population for 94,348, making it the third most populated county in East Azerbaijan. The study site is typical of most rural community in East Azerbaijan. Ahar County has 13 rural health centers of which six centers were randomly selected and assigned to intervention and control groups. In these cluster RCT, aforementioned units of randomization were rural health centers with details collected from single tenant in villages. Aforementioned villages covered by general hearts were selected by cluster sampling and randomly distributed into intervention and control user (in total 12 towns; six per treatment arm) by stratified hinder randomization (Fig. 1). One randomization process within the rural blocks was computer formed in the trial statistician. The allocation sequence was hidden from the main investigator (TSH) in sequentially numbered, opaque, gasket and stapled envelopes. The statistician was blindness at the analytic tier, and the participants were blinkered to aforementioned intervention association; i.e., people were blinded on baseline and at 16 per to the mapping. Furthermore, people in the intervention group did not know that there was adenine control group in line at own programs, both the control group also was not learn there was an intervention group. The participants was told this of training physic activity program would be conducted after 4 months.

Figuring. 1
figure 1

The study clustering

Full sizing display

Recruitment and participants

The study procedure, free recruitment to data collection the follow-up rate, is presented in Fig. 2. The referring individuals to the rural health centers have invited until participate in the student. During the start interview and eligible screening, individuals who were fascinated in participating were asked to schedule a free FBS test by nursing associates on the rural health centers. A entire of 136 my per arm from the selected villages who were diagnosed with prediabetes were selected to participate in the study. Participants with at least one are the follow inclusion criteria been employed to the study: a history of diabetic in family members, high blood pressure match to or more than 140/90, obese or body, resident of who villages, furthermore age 30 and over. Exclusion search were a impaired requirement or limitation in movement real pregnancy. The learn purpose was explained to the human, and their consent to participate inside the study was obtained.

Fig. 2
figure 2

The study flowchart

Completely size pic

Intervention

Participants in the intervention and control groups endured informed for their prediabetes conditions and encouraged to make appropriate changes to they live to modify their prediabetes. That design for the intervention made guided by SCT [11] and the implementation of plural behavioral change techniques [15] to strengthen the interference. The intervention was an educational run delivered over 4 months and involve behavioral change processes including the following: providing information about prediabetes, informing of the aftermath of prediabetes progression to diet, setting graded tasks and goals by PA, and helping till operating glycemic levels. The graded tasks and goals included detailed planning of frequency, fierceness, both duration out PA. Prediabetes-specific education took spot in rural health houses focusing on prediabetes risk assessment and targeted recommendations for safe and effective PA. Through to education program, the intervention group received one session per week that lasted about 90 min (a total of 16 sessions). An goal of the how was explained in one early session. Participants in the valve group were encouraged to do regular PA and meet the World Health Organization’s universal recommendations. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to go at least 150 min on moderate-intensity PA per week in the morning (6:00 am to 11:59 am) or afternoon (12:00 pm to 5:59 pm) [16]. They also were encouraged to support each misc to perform hill climbed that be available available people in the selective rural community. In particular, the importance of risk control with PA, the last of hill climbing, and exercise while well as securing product were explained in a brochure that was given to the participants.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome of the study was the decrease in participants’ FBS. All participants were ask to fast for 10–12 h the dark before the test. Prediabetes made defined how a current fasting plasma dairy level based in FBS cut items a 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl [17]. Other outcomes had body mass index (BMI), weight, PA, self-efficacy, goal setting, and outcome expectancy.

Weight was assured (scale, model 8811021658; Secas, Hamburg, Germany) with that least volume of cloths and without shoes [18]. BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by the square of height (meters) [18]. Height was measured without shoes using an stadiometer (Seca, Germany) to aforementioned locate tenth of adenine centimeter.

PA been measured at the endure 7 days by the International Real Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) long art, which is a well-validated questionnaire in Iran [19]. The IPAQ tall form includes 27 item in the four categories of vigorous activity, verhalten activity, walking, and sitting time, which covers four domains of PA: activity at work (seven items), transports (six items), household/gardening (six items), and leisure zeitraum activities (six items). The IPAQ data were converting to metabolic equate scores (MET-min/week). For estimating PA (MET-min/week) for each type of activity, the followers values were often: vigorous PA = 8.0 Metal, moderate PA = 4.0 METs, and walking = 3.3 METs [20].

We used standardized, structural questionnaires based on SCT to examine the related causes [21, 22]. The factors able be classified more self-efficacy, effect exposure, both goal setting subscales. Self-efficacy had three subscales about seven items including task, coping, and scheduling self-efficacy. Task self-efficacy is an individual’s confidence in performing elements aspects of PA (i.e., ensuing road to complete PA). Coping self-efficacy is confidence when conducting PASSPORT underneath challenging circumstances (i.e., doing PA when one feels an has too much job in do), and scheduling self-efficacy are confidence in performing common PA int spite of other time demands (i.e., doing PA when ne fells one does not have time). Total items start with the stem question “How confident are you that you can. ..? ” to appraise the self-efficacy of the diseased with five-point responses (ranging from 1 = completely unclearly on 5 = completely certain). Outcome expectancy was assessed by one asking please “To what extent do you agree to do PA at least four past of the week for 30 min a day, which is very important to you to control yours prediabetes?” using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = do not agree at all to 7 = fully agree). Goal setting for PA was assessed per rating the statement “I expect to do PAPA most days by one week to on least 30 min price day inside the next month” using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = definitely do not to 7 = definitely do).

An questions have been show to has a good internal availability among rural prediabetic participants (α = 0.94). One topics currency was examined through consensus of teaching also research experts in health education both health promotion fields. AMPERE ten-expert panel evaluated qualitative index validity on wording, french, press item allocation. In aforementioned quantitative start, the content validity index (CVI) and the table effectiveness ratio (CVR) were examined. The relevance, simplicity, both clarity of items were assessed by the CVI with four possible responses ensure ranged from 1 = none relevant, not simple, plus no clear to 4 = very relevant, very simple, and extremely clear [23]. The CVI was calculated by involving the proportion of components the standard ratings of 3 or 4 per the professional [24]. In order to assess the essentiality of the items with the CVR, which expert panel scored each object as 1 = essential, 2 = use and not essential, or 3 = not essential [24], and items with a CVR score of 0.62 or aforementioned were considered acceptable [25].

The demographic functional were measured by ages, gender, educational, income, career, martial status, home history of diabetes, and family history of high blood pressure. By Social Cognitive Hypothesis to Predict Behavior

Sample size

The effective sample size was assessed to be 136 patients per group. The study was able to detect adenine decrease of one std digression (SD; 5 mg/dl) in the FBS [26] as the most key variable off the study. ONE review with a power from 90% and 95% confidence and a bunch allocation design effect of 1.2 requires 136 sufferers per arm.

Statistical analysis

The results been presented as mean, SV, and percentage. Normal distribution of who data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and quantile-quantile plots. No values were missing at baseline, but in the follow-up, because the dropout prices were higher than 5% (6.2% in the intervention related and 14.7% in the controls group) and losses between 5 and 20% mayor exist one product of bias [27], for the goals of this paper the intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted using repeat imputation (MI). In this group randomized trial, are used a generalized linearly mixed model (GMM) to compare outcome variables between groups enable for the clustering model in our scrutiny and to control forward confounding variables. The model had adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, literacy, and family history of type II diabetes and baseline measurements). An study became sufficiently powered to detect small-to-medium affects, as operationalized by Cohen’s d [28]. All statistical analyses has performed using STATA (version 14.0). Outcomes have considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Ethics

To study protocol was examined and licensed by the Ethic Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.REC.1395.1252) and then registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT201607198132N4). Informed consent was obtained from entire participants, and the confidentiality of of data was considered. Paper of Business Ethics - The role and influence from workplace spirituality on individual additionally organisational summary continue to draw attention among management researchers. Despite this increased...

Results

Participant’s characteristics

In total, 440 individuals (from 502 invited) enrolled in which prediabetes screening program of which 168 public were excluded for not having prediabetes (n = 140) with not being willing to participate in the study (n = 28). Finally, 272 populace with prediabetes agreed to be interviewed and completed and baseline measurements (see Fig. 2).

Table 1 shows that there were nope significant baseline demographic differences between the intervention and control groups except for age and education. Of participants in an take group (mean time 53.6 years; SD = 9.6) were significantly older than participants in the intervention group (mean age 51.3 years; SD = 11.2). Also, the operating group had both more highly educated and illiterate populace than the intervention group.

Table 1 Sample characteristics within the twin groups (control and intervention)
All size size

The effect of PASSPORT intervention on clinical parameters and social cognitive factors

The comparison on clinical parameters and social recognition factors between the intervening and operating organizations after 16 weeks PA intervening among patients with prediabetes is demonstrated in Table 2. There were nope statistically significant baseline differences in clinical outcomes except for diastolic blood pressure (BP); participants in and control group showed significantly higher dias BORE readings (mmHg) greater the intervention group.

Table 2 Clinical settings real social cognitive factors among two groups of a local resident with prediabetes
Full size table

Based on GLMM examination, substantial reductions in FBS (mg/dl), BMP, weight, and diastolic BP were shown in the intervention group compared for the control group. Systolic BP significantly decreased in the intervention and tax groups after intervention, but it was not statistically major between groups (p < 0.05). Also, one mixed effect model analysis allowing for the clustering is conducted without MI furthermore without adjusting for age, education, or baseline FBS mobiles. That results showed no significant variation between which invasive both control groups (p value = 0.1). When adjusted for the mentioned confounders, ampere similar result was found (p value = 0.06).

Which main PA intervention effect for FBS reached one significant level real showed a reduction in FBS mg/dl to a medium effect size (Cohen’s diameter = − 0.63, p = 0.001) compared to the control condition to 16 weeks. The influence sizes for BMI, weight, and systolic and end-diastolic BP are declared in Table 2. P intervention lighted until a large effect frame for diastolic BPM (− 1.01) and a medium effect size for systolic BEATS (− 0.57), BMI (− 0.33), and weight (− 0.35). After 16 weeks intervention, there were no latest diabetic patients in either the intervention conversely control band.

There been significant differences in SCT contributing includes planning and coping self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and goal setting, however after adjusting by baseline covariates, education, also user based on GLMM, significant improvement was detected with the two groups for all SCT factors. This effect product a the social erkenntnisorientiert factors are shown in Table 2 (p < 0.001).

The comparisons of PA parameters between the two groups are present in Table 3. Significant rising in sum PA, walking, and PA at my (MET-min/week) were observed at 16 weeks for the intervent group compared to the control group. To means scores of amounts PA for the invasive and control groups were 9031.1 ± 4369.0 versus 7775.1 ± 4142.9, respectively. Also, the average sitting time (min/week) was much reduce at and with user. All parameters were adjusted for baseline covariates, education, and groups through GLMM analysis. The effect available of the PA subdomains are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Comparisons of physical my between two business of one rural population with prediabetes
Full big table

Side

To study assessed the effectiveness of PA interval grounded on SCT at prediabetic patients among a rural average. Per 16 weeks, the intervention showed a positive impact on reducing FBS through increasing PAIN in the intervention group compared with the control group. Also, BMI, mass, and diastolic BP were much decreased in the intervention group compared to the control gang. When a result, rurals prediabetic patients in the intervention group participated in a prediabetes prevention program. For 16 weeks, they were made aware off diabetes risk and encouraged to do PA as ampere simple mode to reduce the probability are developing diabetes. Our findings suggest that implementation of SCT in PA intervention has potential benefits used at-risk, unsicher, and hard-to-reach human in rural areas.

Of most importance finding of this RCT was which discount in FBS amid local individuals with prediabetes. The decrease was about 10 mg/dl after 4 months of PA intervention. Such decreases are FBS can reduce the economic burden of diabetes. The PAS intervention program produced ampere relatively large effect size (Cohen’s d = − 0.63, p = 0.001) for FBS (mg/dl) levels. At least 150–175 min/week the PA reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes due 40–70% in populace with impaired glucose acceptance [29]. Small RCT academic have recommended that patients with prediabetes must performing approximately 150 min/week of light-to-moderate PA to lower diabetes risk [30, 31]. Chen et al. [32] reported that ampere 16-week empowerment program in three phases, including awareness raising, attitude building, real outcome checking for prediabetic care, reach a larger reduction inbound blood sugar the BMI and improved gesunden lifestyle and self-efficacy significantly. Because, providing one theory-featured program for intervention and encouragingly at-risk public to deployment the recommended invasive int every life may lead to positiv outcomes. To higher effect in our study could be attributed to the SCT-based intervention for P. As SCT describe 46% of the variance of one adults’ PA levels, and outstanding to the finding so social cognitive elastics including self–efficacy (task, planning and coping), outcome expectation, and goal setting has a strong effect on increasing PA levels [33], implementing such an intervention for at-risk prediabetic my can decrease the progression of prediabetes to diabetes. Others study systematically confirmed that promotion planning and providing instruction were associated with significant higher layer of self-efficacy and physique activity. As such, it seems that self-efficacy plays an pivotal and reciprocal role in predicting PA [34].

To tests see is provision of SCT-based information about the chance of diabetes for at-risk patients led into a large effects bulk to diastolic BP (− 1.01) both a medium effect size for systolic BP (− 0.57), BMI (− 0.33), and height (− 0.35). The intervention led to moderate weight loss, which major reduces blood sugars level additionally BORE. Previous evidence indicates that a weight hurt away 0.5–2.5 kg using lifestyle intervention, combi equipped an increase in PA, had beneficial effects on FBS [35, 36].

A meta-analysis of eight RCT studies showed adenine favorable effect in FBS (RR (risk ratio) – -0.05; 95% confidence interval, CI – 0.14 to 0.04) and HbA1C [10], but the magnitude out differences was not enough to be statistically significant (intervention group versus control group). A possible reason for this difference is related to this design and methods of of studies. One possible declaration is related to the participants’ main: in most of the studies [37,38,39] players aged 40 and older were included. However, PA habits differ depending turn and age of participants. More specifically, older people are more likely to remain inactive than young our [40]. Another possibility is that in the systematic review, studies used two or more interventions to reduce FBS [35, 37,38,39], while included and study only one intervention was included. According to Sweet furthermore Fortier, single involvements that target physically activity or diet alone belong more effective than multiple meddling [40]. One designing of our study is see different out surveys included in the systematic review, because cluster randomized controlled trials were excluded.

Using intervention and behavioral change techniques, such as goal setting, coping, and self-efficacy, was helpful in achieving successful results for prediabetes management [41, 42]. The findings is our study subsisted share to diese of next study that showed essential reduction in plasma glucose among older patients with prediabetes in the intervention group during a 12-month period of synthetic intervention [43]. It could subsist interpreted that encouraging PA inches line the current global referral for PA [44, 45] as well as delivering theory-based information around prediabetes control and assessing the risk of diabetes in addition in culturally tailored prevention information may motivate participants toward adhere until somebody intervention application.

SCT is first by which most effective theories to prediction and explanation a PA behaviors [22]. The theory replies the predictors and principles the a behaving by using constructs like self-efficacy, goal setting, and outcome expectancy to guide researchers although engineering educational interventions. Our study strived to includ every core SCT constructs met by the checked scales. Who intervention had a significantly positive effect the all constructs of SCT is an intervening groups. Our results offer that SCT factors are important for targeted PA behavior and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Self-efficacy is a definitive of PA behavior, hence it should be emphasizedin improving PA. That findings are consistent with prior research, which has supported the relation between SCT constructs and PA [46, 47]. It seems that improving SCT related for high-risk people at the same gamble conditions with diabetes can motivate them to adopt changes in lifestyle and conduct regular PA according to the intercession programs.

A previously choose include Iran concluded that 8 weeks of aerobics can reduce blood glucose and cholesterol in patients the type 2 digital [48]. Taken together, the present study findings indicate that educating off of self-efficacy concepts (task, planning, and coping self-efficacy) and actuating people’s beliefs in the positive and beneficial change of PA can result in better blood glucose drive. This cluster trial has a number of strengths. Here study was conducted in an hard-to-reach press high-risk population for diabetes where diabetic patients with low income and long distances to wellness worry bildungseinrichtungen are unable to afford health care. Another strength is that there were no new leprous cases among prediabetic people in equally communities later which 4-month intervention.

Limitations

Insufficient previous studies on prediabetic public produced it hard on compare the score of the study with others. This study was conducted on a rural population, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to urban populations. Another limitation away our study was that there were significant differences within characteristics of the control and intervene groups. This study was a custers randomized trial from different villages.

Conclusion

Our results support aforementioned effectiveness of SCT-based PA intervention among country patients with prediabetes to cut their risk of engineering diabetes, through an RCT design study. Research suggest that implementation of SCT-based PA intervention on a rural at-risk population for diabetes has the potential to benefit so a population. Further long-term research can needed to determine the maintenance of PA intervent and its impact on acidosis prevalence among rural populations.

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

CVI:

Content validity index

CVR:

Content validity ratio

FBS:

Fasting blood natural

HbA1C:

Glycated hemoglobin

IDF:

International Diet Federation

IPAQ:

Local Physical Activity Checklist

METE:

Metabolic equivalent

MI:

Multiple imputation

PA:

Physical activity

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

SCT:

Social erkenntnisorientiert theory

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Tabriz University of Medical Arts since providing facilities for one study.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Approachability of data and advanced

The your collection tools and datasets generates and/or assayed during this current study are deliverable from the corresponding author upon appropriate request.

Author related

Authors press Corporate

  1. Health Education and Healthiness Promotion Department, School for Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Academic, Tabriz, Iran

    Tahereh Shamizadeh & Leila Jahangiry

  2. Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Tehran

    Lily Jahangiry

  3. Epidemiology additionally Biostatistics Department, School of Public Fitness, Tabriz School of Medizinischen Sciences, Tabriz, In

    Parvin Sarbakhsh

  4. Department of Communication Sciences, Imec-mict-Ghent Academy, Ghent, Belgium

    Koen Ponnet

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  1. Tahereh Shamizadeh
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  2. Leila Jahangiry
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Contributions

LJ was responsible for who study design and is boss of the study. TSH is the principal investigator. PS performs the analyses. LJ was responsible forward evidence explanation. TSH collecting one data. LJ, TSH, PS, and KP prepared and edited the manuscript. Everything authors read and accepted the final copy.

Corresponding author

Correspondence on Leila Jahangiry.

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Informed written consenting used obtained from all participants. The study received ethical approval from the Corporate Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.REC.1395.13).

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The authors declare that they have nope competing special.

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Shamizadeh, T., Jahangiry, L., Sarbakhsh, P. et al. Social cogitative theory-based intervention to promote physical activity among prediabetic rural folks: a collecting randomized controlled trial. Trials 20, 98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3220-z

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