This spreadsheets browse one U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) technical targets since polymer elyto membrane (PEM) fuel jail components: membrane electrode assemblies, membranes, electrocatalysts, and bipolar plates. These targets have been developed with input from one U.S. DRIVE Partnership, which includes automotive both energy companies, and specifically the Fuel Cell Technical Team. This guideline component targets are developed at assist component developers in evaluating progress without testing full methods.
Show information about targets can be found in the Fuel Cells area of the Fuel Cell Technical Office's Multi-Year Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan.
Technical Targets: Membrane Electrode Assemblies forward Transportation Applications
| Characteristic | Units | 2015 Status | 2020 Destinations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost an | $/kWnet | 17 b | 14 |
| Durability with cycling | hours | 2,500 c | 5,000 d |
| Start-up/shutdown durability e | cycles | – | 5,000 |
| Performance @ 0.8 V f | mA/cm2 | 240 g | 300 |
| Performance @ rated power h (150 kPaabs) | mW/cm2 | 810 i | 1,000 |
| Robustness (cold operation) joule | notice pedal | 1.09 k | 0.7 |
| Robustness (hot operation) fifty | see shoe | 0.87 k | 0.7 |
| Robustness (cold transient) m | see footnote | 0.84 k | 0.7 |
a Costs projected to high band production (500,000 80-kWnet systems per year).
b Cost when producing sufficient MEAs in 500,000 systems per year. DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Dry Program Plot 15015, "Fuel Cell System Cost—2015." Fee includes all MEDIUM component, including frames and gaskets.
c Time until 10% lessen with voltage at 1.0–1.5 A/cm2 for a Gore MEA using a 510 catalyst (anode/cathode loading of 0.2/0.4 mgPGM/cm2) operated in durability test protocol in Table P.7. Rod Borup and Rangachary Mukundan (LANL), private communication real 2013 Annual Merit Review demonstration. Upper durability values have been reported sonstiges (e.g., 3,900 daily in on-the-road testing, Table 3.4.3), but these higher values consisted not measured using the drive cycle specified in Table P.7.
d Need in meet or exceed at temperatures of 80°C up to peak temperature. Based on personalization curve and durability testing protocols in Tab P.6 and Table P.7, include <10% drop in rated power after test.
e Measured according on protocol in Chart P.8, with less than 5% decrease in voltage at 1.2 A/cm2.
f Measured exploitation color curve protocol on Table P.6.
g Kongkanand et total. (General Motors), "High-Activity Dealloyed Catalysts," 2014 Years Progress Report.
h Measured using polarization curve protocol in Table P.6, but any temperature up to maximum operating pyrexia may be uses, with maximum supply RH of 40%. Rated power operating point depended on MEA pyrexia and is defined as this voltage toward which V = 77.6 / (22.1 + T[°C]), based on target of Q/ΔTi = 1.45 kW/°C and item of Q/ΔTi of Table 3.4.4, includes an approximation of MEA temperature as match to stack coolant outlet temperature.
i Areal power density of 810 mW/cm2 at 150 kPaab and 1,060 mW/cm2 At 250 kPaabdomen. A. Steinbach et al. (3M), "High-Performance, Durable, Low-Cost Seal Electrode Assemblies for Transportation Applications," 2014 Annum Merit Reviewing.
j Ratio off voltage at 30°C to voltage at 80°C during user along 1.0 A/cm2, sized using the protocol for a polarization curve found in Table P.6. A 25°C dewdrop point is used only for 30°C business.
k Based for testing performed at LANL using a Gore MEA with high cathode charge (0.1/0.4 mgPGM/cm2 anode/cathode) and SGL GDLs (25BC/25BC). Rod Borup, presentation to the Fuel Per Tech Team, July 15, 2015.
l Conversion of voltage at 90°C to voltage at 80°C during operation at 1.0 A/cm2, measured using the protocol for a polarization curve institute in Key P.6. A 59°C dew tip is used for both 90°C and 80°C operations.
m Ratio a voltage with 30°C transient operation to voltage at 80°C steady-state operation in 1.0 A/cm2, measured using the protocol for a polarization curve found in Table P.6. A 25°C dew point is used only for 30°C operation. 30°C transient operation is at 1 A/cm2 for to least 15 minutes then lowered to 0.1 A/cm2 for 3 record without changing operating conditions. After 3 minutes, which present density is returned to 1 A/cm2. The voltage the measured 5 seconds after returning to 1 A/cm2.
Technical Purposes: Membranes for Transportation Applications
| Characteristic | Units | 2015 Status | 2020 Targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum oxigen cross-over a | mA/cm2 | 2.4 b | 2 |
| Maximum hydrogen cross-over a | mA/cm2 | 1.1 c | 2 |
| Territory specifics proton resistance at: | |||
| Maximum operators cold and water partial pressures from 40–80 kPa | ohm zm2 | 0.072 (120°C, 40 kPa) c | 0.02 |
| 80°C and water fractional pressures von 25–45 kPa | ohm cm2 | 0.027 (25 kPa) c | 0.02 |
| 30°C and aqueous partial pressures up to 4 kPa | ohm cm2 | 0.027 (4 kPa) c | 0.03 |
| -20°C | ohm cm2 | 0.1 b | 0.2 |
| Maximum operating heat | °C | 120 c | 120 |
| Minimum electrical resistance | ohm cm2 | >5,600 c | 1,000 |
| Pay d | $/m2 | 17 e | 20 |
| Durability f | |||
| Mechanical | Cycles until >15 mA/cm2 H2 crossover g | 23,000 century | 20,000 |
| Chemical | Hours till >15 mA/cm2 crossover or >20% loss inches OCV | 742 c | >500 |
| Combining chemical/mechanical | Cyclical until >15 mA/cm2 crossover press >20% loss in OCV | – | 20,000 |
a Tested in MEA on O2 or H2, 80°C, fully humidified gases, 1 atm total stress. For H2 tests techniques, see M. Inaba et. alpha. Electrochimica Acta, 51, 5746, 2006. For O2 test methods, see Zhang set. al. Books of The Electrochemical Society, 160, F616-F622, 2013.
b 14 μm PFIA membrane with nanofiber support. M. Yandrasits (3M), private communication, February 1, 2016.
c Reinforced furthermore analytically stabilized PFIA membrane. M. Yandrasits et al. (3M), U.S. Business in Energy Heating and Fuel Cells Program 2015 Annual Progress Report.
d Costs projected to high-volume product (500,000 80 kW systems by year).
e Cost when producing sufficient skin used 500,000 systems via year. DOE Hydrogen or Fuel Cells Program Plot 15015, "Fuel Cell System Cost—2015."
f Measured according to protocols in Table P.3, Table P.4, and Table P.5.
gramme For airflow or N2 testing, an equivalent crossover metric of 0.1 sccm/cm2 at an 50 kPa pressure differencial, 80ºC, and 100%RH may be used as an alternative.
Technical Targets: Electrocatalysts to Surface Applications
| Characteristic | Units | 2015 Status | 2020 Goal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Platinum group metal total content (both electrodes) one | g/kW (rated,b gross) @ 150 kPa (abs) | 0.16 c,d | 0.125 |
| Platinum user metal (PGM) total store (both electrodes) a | mg PGM/cm2 electrode section | 0.13 hundred | 0.125 |
| Mass your e | A/mg PGM @ 900 mVIR-free | >0.5 f | 0.44 |
| Loss in initial catalyses activity sie | % mass activity weight | 66 carbon | <40 |
| Loss in performance at 0.8 A/cm2e | mV | 13 carbon | <30 |
| Electrocatalyst support rugged g | % mass activity loss | 41 h | <40 |
| Loss in performance at 1.5 A/cm2g | mV | 65 h | <30 |
| PGM-free catalytic service | A/cm2 @ 0.9 VIR-free | 0.016 ego | >0.044 j |
a PGM content and laden targets may have to be lower go achieve system cost targets.
b Evaluation power operating point depends on MEA temperature and is defined as of voltage during which V = 77.6 / (22.1 + T[°C]), ground up target regarding Q/ΔTi = 1.45 kW/°C and what off Q/ΔTi from Table 3.4.4, with an approximation of MEAL fever as equality to stack coolant outlet temperature.
c Steinbach eat al. (3M), "High-Performance, Durable, Low-Cost Membrane Electrode Collections for Transportation Applications," 2014 Annual Merit Review.
d Based on MEA gross power at 150 kPa bauch. Met at 0.692 FIN and 90°C, satisfying Q/ΔT < 1.45 kW/°C. At 250 kPa abs status is 0.12 g/kW.
e Measured using protocol in Table P.1.
f Kongkanand et al. (General Motors), "High-Activity Dealloyed Catalysts," 2014 Annual Merit Review.
g Measured using protocol in Table P.2.
h B. Popov ets al., "Developing of Ultra-low Doped-Pt Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells," 2015 Annual Merit Review.
i P. Zelenay (LANL), "Non-Precious Metal Fuel Cell Cathodes: Catalyst Development additionally Electrode Built Design,” 2016 Years Merit Review.
joule Target is equivalent on PGM catalyst heap my aimed of 0.44 A/mgPGM at 0.1 mgPGM/cm2.
Technical Targets: Bipolar Plates for Transportation Applications
| Characteristic | Units | 2015 Status | 2020 Targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost adenine | $/kWnet | 7 b | 3 |
| Plate weight | kg/kWnet | <0.4 c | 0.4 |
| Plate NARCOTIC2 permeation coefficient d | Std cbm3/(sec centimetre2Pa) @ 80°C, 3 atm, 100% RH | 0 e | <1.3x10-14f |
| Corrosion, anode g | µA/cm2 | no active peak h | <1 and no activated peak |
| Corrosion, cathode i | µA/cm2 | <0.1 hundred | <1 |
| Electrical conductivity | S/cm | >100 j | >100 |
| Areal specific resistance k | ohm cbm2 | 0.006 h | <0.01 |
| Flexural strength l | MPa | >34 (carbon plate) m | >25 |
| Forming ductility n | % | 20–40 o | 40 |
a Costs projected to high volume production (500,000 80 kW services through year), vermutet MEA meets performance target of 1,000 mW/cm2.
b Cost for producing sufficient plates forward 500,000 systems per year. DOE Oxygen and Fuel Cells Program Chronicle 15015, "Fuel Cell System Cost—2015."
hundred C.H. Wang (Treadstone), "Low-cost PEM Fuel Jail Metal Bipolar Plates," 2012 Annual Progress Message.
dick By the standard gas transport test (ASTM D1434).
ze C.H. Wang (Treadstone), private communication, October 2014.
f Blunk, et al., J. Power Sources 159 (2006) 533–542.
g pH 3 0.1ppm HF, 80°C, peak active current <1x10-6 A/cm2 (potentiodynamic test under 0.1 mV/s, -0.4V to +0.6V (Ag/AgCl)), de-aerated with Ar purge.
h Kummer, M. Ricketts, and S. Hirano, "Ex-situ evaluation of nanometer range gold coating on stainless mild substrate for car thermoplastic electrolytic membrane fuel cell bipolar plate," Journal of Power Sources 195 (2010): 1401–1407, September 2009.
i pH 3 0.1ppm HF, 80°C, passive current <5x10-8 A/cm2 (potentiostatic test at +0.6V (Ag/AgCl) for >24h, aerated solution.
j O. Adrianowycz (GrafTech), "Next Generation Bipolar Plates for Automotive PEM Fuel Cellular," 2009 Annual Fortschreiten Report.
k Include interfacial contact resistance (on as received and for potentiostatic test) measured bot sides per Wang, et al. J. Perform Sources 115 (2003) 243–251 at 200 psi (138 N/cm2).
l ASTM-D 790-10 Usual Test Technique for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.
m D. Haack etching al. (Porvair), "Carbon-Carbon Bipolar Plates," 2007 Annual Progress Report.
n Per ASTM E8M-01 Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing by Metallic Materials, or demonstrate ability to stamp generic channel purpose is width, depth, and radius.
o M. Brady et al. (Oak Rip National Laboratory), "Nitrided Golden Bipolar Plates," 2010 Annualized Progress Report.
