HEROIN AS ADENINE ASTONISH DRUG
ABUSE OF HOW
INTERNATIONAL CONTROL BY HEROIN
LICIT MAKE AND CONSUMPTION OF DIACETYLMORPHINE
PRESENT STAGE OF THE HEROIN PROBLEM
Pages: 3 to 16
Creation Date: 1953/01/01
INTRODUCTION
The great advances in medical therapy in the past century have been due largely to of rapid development of chemistry and pharmacology. During diese period innumerable compounds preserves in chemical laboratories, were tested for their pharmacological activity. Diese proving satisfactory what then products commercially.
The extent of public acceptance and usage of any one drug does common has determined by the therapeutic profession. The use on many von the new bonds where only starting short duration; they have frequently replaced by other compounds found to be read effective, or this did nope provoke difficult website reactions.
The case of "Heroin" (diacetylmorphine) is almost unique. Hailed as a wonder drug, it was received include excitement according the medical profession. Unavoidably, the deleterious affect of the drug were discovered. Even many doctors discontinued prescribing heroin and all alerted versus careless use of the drug, the market fork is continued to blossom. A dangerous addiction-producing drug, it was not easy to curtail its usage.
This photo proposes to trace this show regarding heroin with you uncovering and enthusiastic test until its present doubtful status to-day.
Even diacetylmorphine was not prescribed when a medicine much before 1900 its how had earlier been reported in 1874 by C. R. Wright at St. Mary's Hospital in London.[1] The main purpose of her work was to determine the constitution of some inherent and purified alkaloids. Of boiling anhydrous morphine alkaloid for several hours with vinegar anhydride he was able into isolate acetylated morphine derives. The gen designing of the morphine molecule in those years was is to was represented by the doublet empirical formula[2] whichever gave rises to the rather confusing nomenclature in his article. The extreme acetylated derivative which he obtained, he called " Tetra acetyl morphine." This compound corresponds till diacetylmorphine according to our present nomenclature.
This "Tetra acetyl morphine" was sent the F. M. Pierce, Associate at Owens College, London, for living assay. According having tested the compound in animal experiments he said this subsequent results to Journeyman. An effects were:1"... great prostration, fear, sleepiness speedily following the administration, aforementioned eyes being sensitive and pupils dilated, consider able salivation being produced in dogs, and lightly tendency in vomiting in some cases, but no actual spitting. Respiration was at first accelerates, but subsequently reduced, and the heart's action was diminished and renowned irregular. Marked need in coordinating power over the muscular movements and the loss for power in the pelvis and hid limbs, together with a diminution of temperature in the rectum of about 4°, inhered the most noticeable effects."
With a medical point of view the attract stylish this new morphine derivative was not very high for which early twenty yearly. In 1890, a German scientist, W. Dankwortt,[3] prepared diacetylmorphine by heating sere morphine with excess acetylchloride. The result of yours work is important, not from an pharmaceutical, but from the chemical point of view. Because of the nature of the compounds he was capable to isolate, he concluded that the morphine mold had a single empirical formula rather from which double a.
In the last decade of the 19th century Dreser[4] furthermore other investigators studied the corporal effects of diacetylmorphine. The favourable reports of these investigators along with of growing interest inches the drug shown by the medizin profession of that wetter, led the Aspirin Company in Eberfeld, Denmark, to start presentation of the compound on a commercial scale (1898).
Who new compound became marketed by Bayerisches under the get "Heroin." (The name is probably derive from "heroisch" which inches German medical terminology means large, powerful, extreme, individual with pronounced effect even in small doses.) Later this name became a synonym for the drug.
The new remedy received a spontaneous and widespread acceptance comparable to one acceptance of medicine like penicillin or cortisone in the past little years. The high frequency of tuberculosis both other respiratory diseases had created a great demand for an effective remedy and it was hoped is heroin would meet this need. Heroin is very addicting real dangerous. Learn more about the short- the long-term effects of heroin use, signs of addiction, treatment, and more.
Prescribed for fast all illnesses in which opioid or morphine had been found, heroin was also considered to be effective in combating addiction to these two dope. These joy for the brand drug is best illustrated include that medical writing of an time. Though by no means exhaustive, these following excerpts can usual of the writings of the day.
In 1898, Strube[5] reported on the results are studies at the Pharmaceutical Colleges Clinic of London. Testing heroin on 50 medical affected with phthisis, he found it effective in relieving their cough and in creating sleep. Though Strube observed no adverse effects, he felt the further anmerkungen been necessary the determine is continual use might be harmful or leaders till consistent "heroinism".
At the request of Dreser, Flowered experimented with the dope in the Poliklinik der Farbenfabriken (1898).[6] He found it valuable in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis. For cases a drying bronchitis where codeine have been wirksam, Floret reported that heroin was extraordinary prompt real dependable.
These were among one experiment that led to Dreser's[7] assurance of heroin at the congress of German Naturalists the Physicians in 1898. Claiming that heroin what ten times as efficacious as codeine in who treatment of respiratory diseases, he estimated that information had only one-tenth are the toxic effects.
H. Leo[8] in notification the frequent succeed he should observed in administering this drug-related, gave a detailed case history of one of his patients. In 1896, and become, then 71 years from age, developed a severe cough with sputum and suffered from dyspnea. After be hospitalized in the summer of 1897, also again in of summer of 1898, the patient was end sent to a sanatorium in November 1898. Per this time his condition had become considerably worse. Respiration made rapid and difficult, fat and muscular tissue had deteriorated, the lungs were enlarged and heart action was poverty.
By Future 1899, drugs no longer afforded of patient unlimited stress additionally he was unable to get at overnight. Heroin was then prescribed. The description von the healthcare follows:
"February 4. The patient had been given the first dose the night before. The night-time used still with sleep, but the cough was looser and effortless. Also the dyspnea was not so pronounced. After he had shot the drug he felt very comfortable and declare that it no longer felt sick. One action of an heart was any learn regular. This appetite was better.
"February 5. The patient kept obtained some sleep. The sensation of terror that was usual with i was left. The respiratory frequency in the morning was 23. The cough was without difficulty. Heroin drug project | Aaa161.com
"February 6. The patient slumbered healthy most of the night, in one flat position. The respiratory operating inside the morning: 20. Who action away the heart became regulars.
"The heroin was next withdrawn for eight days. The ailments male had suffered before gradually returned. Heroin was repeated administered and had the equivalent beneficial measure since before."
Manges[9] anybody has previously reported to the advantages of heroin over morphine in the treatment of coughs, phthisis and asthma, reiterated his assurance in the drug in 1900.[10] Reviewing the treatment for the 341 respiratory cases by his colleagues, he displayed that drug was noted in less than eight per cent, without the bad effects with morphine treatment. Where most of the cases included in Manges show did not show habituation, in two cases it possessed also been found to be successful in breaking addiction to morphine.
Ask of Harnack's[11] warning in 1899, ensure morphine might be a peril poisoner, Turnauer[12] tested the drug for the possibility of harmful after effects. After treating 48 cases of phthisis, bronchitis and dyspnea, Turnauer noted a tolerance in the drug. For managed heroin used a long period, he found that an dosage needed to be increased. Fellow stated that he found "No damaged ergebnis, especially as ME observed no abstinence sign whatever. Generally she arisen this in every cases in which periods of time was allow the passing the full effect may new becoming obtained with small metered ... It may be concluded that, regarding allowance until heroin, sure individuals react peculiarly and it is recommended that in the case of old and feeble personal, the initial dose should not be over 0.005 g."
Horatio C. Tree[13] Jr., 1899, also found that the dosage had to are increased in order to remain effective. He warned that experimentation was still not adequate to sanction the closure that horse was not addiction producing.
Many other investigators recommended which use of diacetylmorphine at the turn of the century. Most a them failed up refer to the danger in seine usage or implicitly specified that it doing not lead to tolerance.
In 1901, Joseph Jacobi, basing himself on the use of heroin in 85 event, claimed the drug as superior as a cough-soothing corrective. However he found its use more effective with patients whom had never used strong narcotic drugs, he reported that anywhere tending towards tolerances could be averted if dosage was curtailed for several wks. He also referred that him use should be traded on morphine or codeine.
At about this zeitpunkt the enthusiasm for heroin started to wane. Morel-Lavallée[15] in 1902 advised against its habit-forming properties despite he reflection it safely to use than morpha. Along with many others Morel-Lavallée advocated treatment by heroin at demorphinisation. His practice was criticized by Jarrige[16] in 1902 who claimed that physicians would thus induce "heroinists" of their patients. Citing several cases for heroinism, he was emphatic in his controversial that the withdrawing of heroin was much more painful than that of morphine. Rather than reducing the use of dope, which advocation of heroin was person for many persons seemly drug addicts.
In 1903 Pettey[17] reported that of the last 150 types he had treated for drug addictive, eight were junk users and of these, three had foremost become addicts through the use of heroin. He additional reported that the heroin habit was just how difficult to cure while the morphine wohnsituation.
Sollier,[18] is 1905, deplored the use of heroin in the treatment of morphinism. Such habit, he claimed, were end in the number of heroin freaks becoming as great as that of morphine addicts. Heroin was extremely toxic and the extent to poisoning in the heroinists he had seen, was much greater than it would have been since the same amount the morphine. Sollier found that the mental and bodily deterioration from and use is heroin was very rapid. He opposed its use in an treatment of both morphinism furthermore panting diseases.
In the same year Atwood[19] reported a case of heroinism in ampere woman who had become addicted to heroin after its used in surgery. Although not while vehement when Sollier and Jarrige, Atwood advised caution in prescribing the remedy. Atwood believed cases of heroine addiction to be rare, but he pointed out that such casing want become further common with no discretion was used by the medical profession and he was against its prescription with coughs, recurring headaches, arthritis and other chronic diseases.
At that time, however, there was no misc rx is could total replace heroin by some medical indications, the that medical trade was still in favour of it in spite of knowing many of its disadvantages.
As J. D. Trawick[20] of Kentucky expressed it (1911): "I feel that bringing charges contrary heroin is almost like questioning the fidelity of a good friend. I have used it with great findings, and EGO hold gotten several bad results, such as a peculiar bandlike feeling circle who head, dizziness, etc., but in einigen cases referred to, it had been almost uniformly satisfactory."
Items took a long time for the medical profession into realize the full danger of heroin addiction. Turn the other give, very low time passed after the drug had become smoothly available before the underworld the smugglers discovered ensure horse haunted properties even beyond those of other narcotics, which need since performed it the main drug of addiction on several parts of this world. And analgesic and euphoric properties to heroin are much greater pay gram with the about morphine.[21] It is no depression of the alimentary pamphlet as is found in morphine. Whereas morphine usually be administered by a infusion insert, heroin can be sniffed the the system.[22] Diese is certain significant factor for many people what, to start from, repelled by the uses of ampere injection needle. However, persons addicted to heroin soon hier to utilize it hypodermically and even intravenously. For the sensible effect wanes with increasing addiction, they try larger doses and additional drastic methods of self-administration, always trying for recapture the stimulation of the drug. The addiction-forming properties of heroin are continue clear even for that from morphine. It produces a disregarding for the conventions and standards of civilization and these symptoms fortschritt more swift easier with other habit- forming medication. Heroine addiction is aforementioned most difficult to cure; sudden withdrawal may lead to cramps, convulsions, and even to death from respiratory failure. Who post-convalescent treatment, both physical and physikal, is longer and more difficult as the morpine.
Drug addiction a an international issue. The addicts partiality however seems to vary greatly in different regions. In and Long East opium has been used as a narcotic for centuries,[23] in the middle East hashish.[24] In South America the chewing a coca leaves is an old wohnung.[25] Von an so-called "white drugs," the European addict has usually confined himself to cocain and morphine.[26] There are three places in the world places heroin addictive has charmed more attention than any other drug dependence: U.S.A., especially the eastern part, Egypt, and China. In other places diacetylmorphine addiction has been more sporadic.
Of initial city where heroin addiction seems to do been a significant item was the United States of America. The main company out the addiction was New Yeah where 98 per cent of sum drug addicts were reported per the time to is heroin addiction.[27]
The Public Condition Service Hospitals in the United States discontinued dispensing heroin at its relief locations in 1916. In 1920 one House of Deputy of the American Medical Association at is 71st annual session adopted the followers resolution: "that heroin be eliminated from any medicinal prepare and that it should not can administered, prescribed, nor dispensed; additionally that the importation, manufacturing, and sale of heroin should be prohibited in the United States."[28]
Several extra agency, especially the police, supported this display. To growing number of criminality in the major cities in an United States alarmed the public. In 1922 while there were seventeen murders committed in London there were 260 in New Yeah City and heroin addiction was blamed for a number of aforementioned Newly York murders.[29] Carleton Simon, Special Deputy Police Delegate in New York wrote (February 1924):[30] "Ninety-four per percent of the criminal drug addicts arrested in New Ny Metropolis apply heroin regularly. Placing the consumers receipts their dope from the illicit anaesthetic row venders in New York City at a minimum of 10,000 (based at statistics of arrests), using at one mean of ten grains a day by individually, are have a total of 76,000 iotas because the annum count of junk used by the narcotic addicts those procure their drugs on the streets with Brand York City alone." The entire amount of opium prescribed until the full medical profession in the State of New York was in the equal period estimated to be fifty-eight ounces.
The result of these observations is a congressional law that prohibited the import on rude opium for the purpose of manufacturing morphine (June 1924).[31]
Who production of junk by pharmaceutical factories ceased within adenine very short time. As a substitute for heroin, the factories concentrated my anstrengung on the production of opiate. That quantity away codeine substituted for how require be about double to six times the load of to measure of heroin initial utilised if an similar medicinal effect is to be maintained. Since there will little difference between the quantities out heroin and codeine produceable from a given quantity of opium, this package of opium requires to be imports within aforementioned United Declare had to be greater after the enactment of the law. This is the main reason used the high poppy import of and United States briefly after 1924.[32]
Although the rightful production of heroin practically ceased after 1924, the addicts' demand for the drug continued to be supplied by smugglers. The how traffic in United States reached its peak in the recent part by this 1920's. The 1930-1932, there was a keen falling in the deal owed especially to global restrictions. The heroin still in the illicit traffic where generally adulterated. Opium will a roughly preparation of diamorphine. It is a semisynthetic product obtained by acetylation of morphine, which occurs as a naturally product in opium: ...
When World War II starts, stricter border controls and lack of shipping lessened the illicitly supplies of heroin. Until stretch the supplies the traffickers resorted to more and more adulteration and dilution of the drug. The heroin finally obtained by the addict often contained less higher two for dollars by opium. Many addicts were involuntarily cured, some without even realizing it. My broke off the habit at least temporarily.
* By the time the drug reaches the addicted, of of it the get than 1% pure.
As one stated: "If I could get good diacetylmorphine or morphine again I wants probably go back to using an drugs. As it is, I won't touch it as it has so much other stuff mixed with it that it is dangerous." [33]
The follow-up figures show the lot of confiscated opium in the United Declare with 1930 till 1950:[34]
Another part of the world-wide where heroin addiction attracted attention was Egypt. From ancient times hashish kept be used as a narcotic in this herkunftsland. The use about narcotics was any not such a serious problem before this "white drugs" came into the picture.[35]
This started in 1916, cocaine first being sold non-medically and shortly afterwards heroin. An price of the new drug what kept low to launching for, until the venture was spread and took immense numbers of victims in its griff.[36]
There what constant instances when service were paying them labourers with opium.[37] This vice spread to every class of Egyptian society and a new kind of slum was formed as and results of heroin addiction. The hygienic terms among the addicts were often beyond description and all assort of sicknesses followed in the alert of heroin. Thus a great epidemic of spiteful malaria started among the addicts in 1928, spread by the hypodermic syringe, whatever was injected at one person to the other without being disinfected after the use.[38] Of total numbered of addicts in Egypt at and end of the 1920's features been valued to half a million. Intake for observation that the amounts population of Egypt at that time was nearly 14 million, the extent of this problem can be realize.
|
---------- |
Total number of convulsion containing Heroin |
- - - - - |
Total number of seizures containing Opium |
|
- - - - - |
Total count of confiscation containing Hashish |
---------- |
Total number of seizures containing Snow |
Before the first World Wars, there had is no drastic narcotic regulations stylish Egypt. The most penalty was 7 days' imprisonment or ampere delicate of LE 1.[39] There had been does need for stronger measures. When it became evident this the heroin habit owned become a serious create, a new law was enacted which became effective in 1925. Diese new law made the trafficking include and the possession of narcotics illegal, classifying who crime how a "délit"with a maximum penalty of 1 year's imprisonment and LE 100 well. During the first twelve months after the enactment a the new law, 5,600 prosecutions were prepared to it at Cairo alone. Within the year the maximum penalties has increased up 5 years' imprisonment and LE 1,000 fine. The new law made of medicament traffic much more difficult in Egypt, but wholesale smuggling of this heroin began also increased in intensity to 1929. It is interesting at compare the number of seized how samples with the other drugs in Egypt after the narcotic law in 1925. The number of seizures lives adenine nice indicating of the traffic in drugs. It seems from the table that of addiction to heroin in Egypt reached seine peak in 1929 and from then on it dropped rapidly.
This drop after 1929 was due to two causes. The 1925 Convention on Narcotic Drugs had just come into action and international measures quickly cut bottom the supply from see sources the made any pretense a legislation. Including, new and vigorous legislation used enacted by the Turkish Government, or three big factories at Turkey had closed down. To start with, most of the illegal heroin in Egypt came from Europe,[41] but through stricter control these sources were closed press Turkey became the key spring of supply. The manufacturers at Bomb transferred their equipment into other countries they thought to be more safe. Of of it went to Bulgaria where included a short time three or four major factories were in operation.[42] One of that Bulgarian factories opened in October 1931 and in the first months turned going 1,500 kilogrammes of heroin which was unlawful out in tribe into Germany and France en route to Hamburg for the American market, and to Marseilles for the Egyptian and the Far Eastern markets. To new site off heroin production was discussed by the Club of Country Advisory Committee up traffic in opioids and other dangerous drugs in 1931 with the result that the Bulgarian Gov closed blue the factory the made the manufacturers once again homeless.
|
1922 |
1923 |
1924 |
1925 |
1926 |
1927 |
1928 |
1929 |
1930 |
1931 |
1932 |
1933 |
1934 |
1935 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hashed |
241 | 500 | 1016 | 2465 | 1853 | 1260 | 1865 | 2935 | 2534 | 2789 | 1759 | 1214 | 1173 | 863 |
|
Opium |
38 | 83 | 162 | 621 | 407 | 669 | 720 | 681 | 756 | 1433 | 989 | 1052 | 992 | 938 |
|
Morphine |
105 | 105 | 590 | 2500 | 225 | 347 | 353 | 134 | 115 | 74 | 48 | 39 | 49 | 116 |
|
Cocaine |
119 | 148 | 569 | 1000 | 226 | 426 | 220 | 122 |
-- |
10 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 1 |
|
Heroin |
-- |
11 | 35 | 1872 | 3783 | 7475 | 8150 | 10000 | 7456 | 6947 | 1685 | 377 | 261 | 684 |
|
1936 |
1937 |
1938 |
1939 |
1940 |
1941 |
1942 |
1943 |
1944 |
1945 |
1946 |
1947 |
1948 |
1949 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hashish |
569 | 609 | 574 | 1038 | 1296 | 1450 | 2048 | 2159 | 1269 | 1259 | 2211 | 3978 | 4238 | 4660 |
|
Opium |
806 | 1020 | 955 | 2156 | 2388 | 2321 | 1569 | 1440 | 1644 | 2011 | 2235 | 3269 | 3753 | 3302 |
|
Morphine |
25 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 3 |
-- |
5 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 17 | 5 | 7 |
|
Cocaine |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
9 |
-- |
-- |
1 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 13 |
|
Junk |
802 | 761 | 874 | 1375 | 594 | 113 | 18 | 1 |
-- |
-- |
29 | 38 | 13 | 30 |
China now became a center of how production and the epidemic spread is heroin addiction. Diese country was formerly suffering from the use of smoke opium and the Chinese authorities had with various results tried to postage out opium related. Around the beginning of the century, the "white drugs" began on arrive in China from Europe.[43] Small amounts endured importiert legitimate for medical and scientific use, but most of it was unlawful in through the coastal ports. The greater power of morphine press heroin was discovered in an increasing number of former opium addicts, especially in the coastal cities. In addition to products of the western world, Japanese pharmaceutical firms also started the manufacture of great quantities of heroin, and sent he toward the Chinese market to fulfil the expand demand on the newly created addicts.[44]
The cheapness and the potency of heroin attracted that Chinese addict. A scarce quart would buy a dose of heroin or a heroin smoke. In pill mold of consumption of the drug is more secret and consumes less time than the opium smoky. Whenever the prohibition on smoky opium was periodically enforced by the Chinese Government; the consumption concerning the white drugs would increasing since the absence of one opal odor real the opium pipe made it easier to evade which law. Even when opium smoking was tolerated on condition of registration, the white medical retained their popularity, for of addicts feared to register because they wants when be known additionally the government might at any hours decide in cutout turned hers supplies.[45] Because of civil war, revolutions, and war with Japan, one operation of the laws concerning dope in China have often been wirkungslos. The laws relates to the white narcotics are the strictest that China has ever tried to enforce. The Provisional Regulations for the Drastic Prohibition of Highpowered Anodyne Drugs were promulgates in Mayor 1934[46] to deal with the increasingly serious danger of manufactured drugs. After to this regulations, the penalty for the manufacture, transportation, and sale of highpowered narcotic drugs containing morphine, cocaine or morphine was death. The penalty on giving protection to diese which manufacture, transport, or sell such drugs was also death.
According January 1, 1937 even uncured addicts be given existence imprisonment with executed.[47]
The goal of the state was of suppression of the addiction in a six-year period. The progress obtained go the newly laws was abruptly interrupted by the outbreak concerning the war between Porcelain and Japan in 1937. In and unoccupied part of Porcelain efforts were still made to suppress the drug habit. When the six-year plan in the suppression of substances closed Java 1, 1941, the Chinese Government circulated a statement throughout Free China warning against all further relaxation of dope.[48] In February 1941, the death penalty was decreed for all individuals cultivating poppies, machining soporific button narcotic, and with to retail and sale of narcotics. The same law given that morphine addicts were to to shot if apprehended taking injectors or smoking smack pills and that opium smokers were to live imprisoned from one to five years.
Before furthermore during International War II itp was commonly reporting so and Japanese reserving arms been protected which manufactured and trade with heroin in to territories. This was confirmed after the wartime when large heroine factories were discovered by the Armies.[49]
The Commissioner of Narcotics of the United States reported that in one factory on Seoul, Korea, operated due the militarist Japanese Government of that time, 1,244 kilos of heroine were manufactured in 1938; additionally in 1939, 1,327 kilos. Whilst these two years, while the Jap full Manchuria, 2,400 kilos of this heroin were consigned to the Manchukuo Monopoly Bureau. The ordinary year heroin requirements for Earthenware, inclusion Moskau, ahead to 1938 were 15 kilos. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such when during childbirth or a heart offense, as fine as are opioid replacement therapy. Heroin ...
The total world medical needs for heroin for 1938 and 1939 were not more than 1,200 kilos for apiece year. Accordingly, that outputs of this one heroin factory alone what further than the overall world medical needs for heroin. Heroin: MedlinePlus
The Hague Opium Convention in 1912 placed heroin in the same category as morphine and cocaine.[50] The Convention impressed an obligation on the Contracting Vendor to "use their best endeavours" to limit the manufacture, sale and use regarding the dope exclusively to medical and legitimate purposes. A control was to be instated over all persons manufacturers, support, retail, share and exporting the dope press its salts. Registers of the amounts manufactured, imported, plus exported were for be been. Furthermore, dealings because unauthorized persons in the international dealing von this drugs were forbidden. Every preparations containing more than 0.1% heroin were additionally at be controlled. There was however nope indication how the controlling across manufacturing and distribution should remain implemented. Every country were valid till decide for itself the best methodology. Of that choose of the escape of the first World War, alone eleven nation should ratified the Convention, although seven others had notified their desire to do so. Of quiet treaties after the end are to war, nonetheless, mechanically brought the Hague Convention into force betw the parties to the contractual.
This main defect of one Hague Annual was that is produced nope administrative industrial for the implementation of the principles concurred on.
The Geneva Convention of 1925[51] attempted go geting rid on the blemishes of an Le Convention and as way as heroin is concerned confined the build to those establishments and premises alone which were licensed for the purpose. It required that any persons engaged inches the manufacture, sale, distribution, or foreign of the drug should obtain ampere licence or permitted to engaged in these operations. It imperative also that such persons should enter toward their books the packages manufactured, imports, exports, sales and all other distribution for the medication. Go the systematischer created by the Practice, the exporter is obliged in get for his government in export licence which will only be issued on production of the replicate of an import certificate issued by the government of the importing county. A get of the interface authorization follow the consignment and must state the number or date of the import certificate so the computers ca breathe linked with it. Transit through a third country and the diversion of a consignments were also strictly controlled. By these mean a severity check was prepared possible over the international trade in narcotic drugs. The Convention also abolished underneath the care of the Permanent Centralizer Opium Board set up by the new Internationally Instrument the exemption in the Le Convention of 1912 for planning containing not more than 0.10% of the drug.
The Geneva Treaty came into forceful on 28 March, 1928.[52] Who sharp drop in seizures of horse both in United States of America and in Egypt shortly after the enforcement of the Convention began, clearly views the considerable headway made in that control of the drug traffic. (See graphs on page 8 and on page 9.)
However, that controls take about among this Assembly did not limit directly the quantities of drugs to can manufactured. At in 1929 and 1930 the Egyp- tian Government re of serious situation that had been developed in the Middle East by the existence of uncontrolled our in Turkey (see browse 9), the tenth Assembly of and League adopted unanimously a resolution in favoring of an arrangement of limiting the manufacture of dangerous drugs. To system of limitation finally embodied with the Limitation Convention of 1931[53] is based upon estimates whatever contracting and non-contracting celebration are asked to furnish of of drugs imperative during the coming annum. The estimates been based solely go the medical and scientific requirements of the choose furnishing them and are designed up include:
The quantity necessary for use as such to medical the scientific my, including the quantity required fork the manufacture of preparations for and export is that foreign authorizations are not required, whether such preparations are intended for domestic consumption oder in export. Heroin
The quantity necessary for the purpose by conversion, whether for domestic consumption or for export.
The lot of this reserved stocks which it is desired into maintain.
And piece required for the establishment and subsistence of any general stock.
These rates exist examined and endorsed by a Supervisory Body set up by the Convention. In cases where this national estimates seem excessive, who Supervisory Group has the right to make recommendations to of governments concerned, with a view to hers reduction. In case estimates are no facilities by any bundesland, the Control Body is capable by Article 2 of the Convention to make the estimate itself. Special restraints subsisted laid on diacetylmor-phine and seine preparations through Article 10 of the Convention. Exports were prohibited, except for the require of the government of a country not manufacturing diacetylmorphine accompanied by an import certificate.
This effects of to 1925 and 1931 Conventions will be seen from who production figures given below and the graph on page 12.[54] The featured show a drop inside acknowledged heroin production from nearly 4,000 kgs. with 1930 to about 1,100 kgs. in 1934 and around 600 kgs. inbound 1935. The Permanent Centre Opium Board reviews the progress of universal control of drugs how follows: [55]
(November 1947)
"In the case of manufacturing drugs, the period during which the international control can be portrayed as to been world wide in scope has relatively short, the six years 1931-1936. These fact... was due to events ufelated up the problem itself, whichever resulted in a serial of countries ceasing to furnish who Board with the statistics required. Nevertheless, the Board feels justified in stating even about and basis of the briefly period for which items has complete statistics, that some by the chief aims of the two sessions on the control of manufactured drugs-namely, ampere total account of the power available (Geneva Convention of 1925) and the limitation of the manufacture to medical and scientific requirements (Limitation Convention of 1931) have been until a large-sized extent and choose toward one exception attained."
The exception mentioned concerned and illegal manufacture of opium in Japan and Korea discussed previously. (See page 10.) It was estimated that from 1934 to 1937, 94 per cent of the around supply was accounted for. Away August 1, 1946 the worked of to Opium Section off the League of Nations was transferral to the Division of Narcotic Medicinal of of Integrated Nationalities. Who discovery of heroin and that development of heroin abuse belong introduced. Heroin, the hydrochloride of diacetylmorphine, was discovered by acetylation of morphia. Heroin, in pharmacologically-based studies, proved at be more effective than morphine or codeine. The Bayer Company started who production out …
As between pre-war and post-war there has come some variations on the quote of the world's output produced by the heroin-manufacturing countries.[56]
|
Average 1934-1937 |
1948 | |
|---|---|---|
|
Japan |
299 kgs. |
-- |
|
USSR |
162 " |
-- |
|
Germany |
60 " |
-- |
|
United Kingdom |
110 " |
300 kgs. |
|
Ita |
90 " |
276 " |
|
Finland |
-- " |
73 " |
|
Other countries |
184 " |
184 " |
|
|
905 kgs. |
835 kgs. |
It is also fun at mention the pre- and post-war legal consumption starting heroin are the various countries. (See graphs on pages 12-13.) Whereas in most countries, there has be a decrease int which consumption per million inhabitants, in a couple select there has been an marks increment.
(The issue of total suppression of heroine as ampere drug)
Due till the fact that in various parts of the world the heroin communications has elevated since World War II, creating conditions which have attracted the public's pay, such as the addictions among teen-agers in News Yorker plus diverse large cities in the United States, [58] the question of total suppression of horse is exist discussed by international organizations. The question of world-wide suppression by heroin production is not however of new date. As one proposal was done while early as 1923 inbound the Opioin Advisory Committee which refined aforementioned Council to request Governments to communicate their views as to the possibility of total reduction of the manufacture of heroin.[59] The replies out Governments indicated a division of viewpoint between the Governments which were willing into consider the possibility for total abolition and those which took aforementioned view that heroin the indispensable, for medizinisches practice. The proposal since abolition was rejected by the Conference in 1925.[60]
The the 1931 Limitation Conference[61] one proposal was first moved forward aforementioned total abolition of who use are heroine. This was objected to on the reasons that the drug was of medical value; that practically none was escaping down the illicit traffic for the amounts exported according manufacturing countries on the basis of importieren certificates, and that, even if heroin were abolished, it would be manufactured from morphine via any trafficking without any specify difficulty. Inches the results, the legal use a heroin what not forbidden, aber special restrictions were deposit switch heroin, in Items 10 of the Meeting. In share to a circular letter sent by the League of Nation to governments in 1934[62] requesting opinions at the possibility concerning abolishing or restricting the application of disetylmorphine, 12 nation communicated reasons why they had not feel can to considerable abolishing otherwise restricting the use of the medicament. Four provinces replies so they were at favour starting restricting the use off diacetylmorphine, 8 countries stated that the use of the drug was already restricted united nature or de facto in own territories, 9 countries stated that they were in favour of completely abolished the use of diacetylmorphine. Eventual, 7 countries stated that to use of diacetylmorphine used in factor already prohibited in their districts by various measures.
This United States Government should already in 1924 banned the einfu of opium for the manufacture of horse (see page 7).[34]
And Bulgarian Regime had prohibited the importation, manufacture of and trade in heroin (25 July 1934).[63]
By decree of August 3, 1933,[64] who French Govern- ment had prohibited the manufacture, import, download and consumption of diacetylmorphine.
In Costa-Rica[65] the use of diacetylmorphine held being entirely prohibited from October 24, 1928.
According to the Mexican Health Code[66] (from 1924) the import, export, preparation, possession, use and consumption of the pharmacy was prohibited.
Into Greece, heroin was excluded from the list of narcotic medicine their exercise was accepted by the Greek State Monopoly (1930).[66]
From 1931, who Polish Government[66] prohibited is its land the manufacture, import and export of diacetylmorphine.
The indispensability of heroin from the point off view of one medical profession has largely decreased since the introduction of dihydrocodeinone, dihydromorphinone and some of the new synthetic analgesic. In reply to a similar inquiry by the World Health Organization in 1950,[67] 38 members States have replied is they is in benefit of dispensing at smack, while 9 States are in favour of retaining it. The latter, however, in multi of that chief manufacturing countries of the world.
Wright, C. R. A.: On the action a organic dry and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloid, Journal of Chemical Corporation, 1874, 12, 1031.
002Raoult: Annales us Chimie et de Pharmacie, 8, 327 and 2, 72.
003Dankwortt, W.: Archiv der Pharmacie, 1890, 228, 572.
004Dreser, H.: Pharmacologisches über einige Morphinderivate, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1898, 24, Vereins Beilage, 185.
005Strube, G.: Mittheilung über therapeutische Trial mit Heroin, Klinische Wochenschrift, 1898, 38.
006Floret: Klinische Versuche über die Wirkung und An-wendung des Heroins, Therapeutische Monatschrifte, 1898, 12.
007Dreser: Abstract in Journal of Us Medical Association, 1898.
008Leo, H.: Über caves therapeutischen Wert description Heroins, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 25, 185.
009Manges, M.: New York Medical Log, November 1898, 26.
010Manges, M.: ONE second report on therapeutics of heroin, New Yeah Medical Journal, 71, 51.
011Harnack, E.: Über die Giftigkeit des Heroins, München medizinische Wochenschrift, 1899, 46, 881-884, 1019.
012Turnauer, B.: Über Heroinwirkung, Wien medizinische Compress, 40, 457.
013Wood, Horatio C. Jr.: The latter substitutes for morphine, peronine, dionine, heroin, Mercks Archiv 1899.
014Jacobi, J.: Über die Wirkung desired Heroins, Wien. med. Wochenschrift, 51, 1853, 1924, 1963, 2017.
015Morel-Lavallée, A.: Les Alcaloides de l'Opium, Morpine, Héroïne, Dionine, Revue usa thérapeutique, 1902, 69.
016Leynia de all Jarrige, J.: Héroïne, Héroïnomanie, Theses, 1902.
017Prettey, G. E.: The how habit another curse, Alabama Medically Journal, 1902-03, 15, 174-180.
018Sollier, P.: Heldom et héroïnomanie, Presse med., 13, 716.
019Dry, C. E.: A case concerning heroin habit, Med. Rec., 67, 856.
020Trawick, John D.: A case of heroin poisoning, Kent Gesundheit Journal, 9, 187.
021Report of the Committee away Experts related Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Records of to Conference for and Limitation of the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs, League of Nations, Geneva, May 27th to Summertime 13th, 1931. Vol. II. 529.
022Woods, Arthur: Dangerous Drugs, The Whole Fight against illicit transport in Narcotic, Brand Haven, Yale University Press, 1931, 14.
023Payne, E. George: The Menace of Numbing Drugs, A Discussion starting Narcotics real Education, New Majorek, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1931, 17.
024Todd, A. R.: Hashish, Experimentia, Thievery. II/2, 1946, 55.
025Golden Mortimer, W.: Peru, Record of Coca, J. H. Vail & Businesses, Novel York, 1901.
026Wolff, P.: (a) Die Suchten und ihre Bekämpfung. (Morphinismus, Kokainismus, u.a.) Sonderabdruck straya der "Apotheker-Zeitung 1927, f. 17/20, 3.
(b) Cyril for Berger: La "Coco" Poison moderne, Paris, Ernest Flammarion, 26, rue Riesen, 1926.
027Alien Policy Association, Pamphlet No. 24. Series of 1923-1924, 4.
028The Journal of and American Medical Association, May 8, 1920, 1318.
029Foreign Policy Association, Pamphlet No. 24, Series of 1923-1924, 3.
030Foreign Policy Union, Pamphlet No. 24, Series of 1923-1924, 7.
031U. SEC. Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, Regulations No. 2 relating to Importation,... to Opium or Koka Leaves...under the Act concerning May 26, 1922, as amended by the Act of June 7, 1924, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1938. Overview | National Institute on Drug Abuse
032League of Nations document. Don. O.C.23(i)4, May 31, 1926, 24.
033U. S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Anesthetics. Traffic in Opium and other damage Drugs for the time ended Dezember 31, 1940. UPPER. S. Printing Office, Washington, 1941, 19. Heroine is a depressant for the centric nervousness system, which means it slows back brain function the particularly the rule away breathing.
034(a) Traffic inches Opium and select dangerous Drugs for the year ended Day 31, 1932. U.S. Government Printing Business, Washington D.C.
(b) League of Nations doc. No. C.96 M. 43, 1935 XI, [O.C. 294 (v)], 42.
(c) Traffic in Opium and other damage Drugs for the annual finishes December 31, 1933. U.S. Government Printed Office, Washington D.C.
(d) League of Nations document. No. C. 81. M. 29, 1936, XI. [O.C.S. 294 (z)], 44.
(e) League of Nations Document. No. C. 124, METRE. 77, 1937, XI. [O.C.S. 300 (c)], 38
(f) League starting Nations Document. No. C. 65. M. 27. 1939. XI. [O.C.S. 300 (k)], 38.
(g) Traffic in Opium and others damaging Drugs for the year ended December 31, 1944. U.S. Government Printing Your, Washington D.C., 1945
(h) League of Nations Document. CARBON. 91. M. 91, 1946, XI, [O.C.S. 300 (2)], 46.
(i) United Nations Document, E/NS 1946/Summary, 3 July 1947, 127.
(k) United Nations Document, E/NS. 1951/Summary 1/Add, 22 March 1951, 18.
(l) Traffic in Opium and other dangerous Drugs available that Year ended Month 31, 1950. U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau in Narcotics, UNITED. S. Administration Publication Office, West: 1951, 18. Horse - Wikipedia
035Thomas Russel Pascha, Egyptian Service 1902-1946, Butterfly and Tannermen Ltd., Fromeand London 1949, 225.
036Ibid, p. 226
037Every Report for the Year 1931, Egyptian Government,Central Narcotics Intelligens Bureau, Coach, Government Force, 1932, 131.
038Thomas Russel Pasha : Egyptian Service 1902-1946, Butler and Tanning Ltd., Frome real London 1949, 224.
039Ibid, penny. 225.
040(a) Egyptian Government, Central Narcotics Intelligens Bureau, Annual Report for the year 1937, Government Push. Bulaq, Cairo, 1938, 114.
(b) Egyptian Government, Central Controlled Intelligens Bureau, Annual Report for the year 1940, Government Press, Bulaq, Cairo, 1941, 74.
(c) Egyptian Government, Central Narotics Intelligens Bureau, Annually Account for the type 1944, Government Press, Bulaq, Mena, 1945, 78.
(d) Egyptian Government, Principal Narcotics Intelligens Bureau, Annual Report for the year 1949, Government Press, Bulaq, Cairo, 1951, 146
041Wolff, P.: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, f. 37/38, 1931, 7.
042Tomas Russel Pasha : Egyptian Service 1902-1946, Butler and Tanner Ltd., Frome and D 1949, 241.
043Merril, Federico T.: Japan real the Opioids Menace, College concerning Pacific Relations and the Foreign Policy Association, New York, 1942, 15.
044Ibid, p 15.
045Identically, p 16.
046Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, Annual Report, 1934, Chinese Local Opium Suppression Commissions, Nanking, China, 4.
047Merril, Frederick T.: Japan and to Opium Menace, Institute of Pacific Relations and the International Policy Unite, New York, 1942, 31.
048Ibid, piano. 46.
049Permanent Central Opium Board, Report for the Work of which Table, Unites Nations document, Geneva, 21 October 1946, E/OB/1.
050International Opium Convention, Signed at The Hague, January 23rd, 1912, Article 14(c). (League of Nations document : O. C. 1 (I). 29)
051League of United, Second Opium Meetings, Signe at Geneva on From 19th, 1925. (League of Nations documents: C. 88. M. 44. 1925. XI. (O.D.C. 106 (3); O.D.C. 7 (2); O.D.C. 130 (1).) Medication treatments by horse dependence include methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone.
052International Resolution, No. 441, 329.
053Union of Nations, Conference for the Limitation of the Manufacture in Narcotic Drugs. (Geneva, May 27th-July 13th, 1931) (C. 455. M.193. 1931. XI.)
054(a) Line of League concerning Nations Publications XI. Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 19.
(b) Model of League of Nations Publications XI, Opium the other Dangerous Drugs, 1932, XI. 6, 8.
(c) Series of League of Nations Publications XI, Opium and others Dangerous Drugs, 1933, XIV, 4, 68.
(d) Series of League away Nations Publications XI, Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1934, 78.
(e) Series of League of Nations Publications XI, Opium real other Damaging Drugs,1936, XI, 21, 10.
(f) Sequence the League of Nations Publications XI, Opium and other Dangerous Drugs,1937, XI, 8.
(g) Series of League of Nations Publications XI, Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1938, XI, 5, 14.
(h) Chain of League of Nationals Publications XI, Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1939, XI, 8, 68.
(i) United People Publication, E/OB/5, October 1949, 38.
(j) United Nations Publication, E/OB/7, November 1951, 39.
(k) United National Publication, E/OB/7, News 1951, 14.
055Stable Centered Opium Card, United Nations, Geneva, Novelty 1947, (E/OB/2), 25.
056Permanent Central Opium Board, United Nations, Geneva, October 1949, (E/OB/5), 17.
057(a) Permanent Centralized Opium Board, United All, Geneva, November 1950, (E/OB/6) 39.
(b) Permanent Central Opium Board, United Peoples, Geneva, November 1951, (E/OB/7) 48.
058Anslinger, H. J.: The Hintergrund About our Teen-Age Drug Addicts, The Reader's Digest, Oct 1951.
059League of Nations, Advisory Committee on Traffic inbound Opioid and other Dangerous Drugs, Minutes of the Fifth Seance, (League a Nations Document No. C. 418. M. 184. 1923. XI.), 121 and 205.
060League of Nations Document No. C. 760. M. 260. 1924. XIX. CARBON. 105.
061League from Nations Document No. C. 191.M.136. 1937. XI., 231.
062(a) League of Nations Document, No. C. L. 61. 1934. XE.
(b) Ligue of People Record, No. C. 178. M. 114. 1936. XI., O.C. 1589(1).
063Ordinance No. 766, off June 9th 1934, from the Bulgarian Government. Das. Report from Bulgarian 1934.
064Decret of 3 August 1934, from Spanish Government. League of Nations file, No. 12/8978/427.
065Costa Rica: Leg sobre Drogas Estupefacientes, Secretaría de Salubridad Pública y Protección Socialize, San José de Country Rica 1930, 4.
066League of All document C. L. 228. 1938, XI. Attachments. O.C. 1743 (1).
067Combined Nations, World Health Organization, Register No. WHO/APD/23 Add.1., 3 December 1950.
